Thursday, October 31, 2019
E.E Cummings and His Influences to Writing Poetry Research Paper
E.E Cummings and His Influences to Writing Poetry - Research Paper Example Cummings was a controversial poet whose status was preceded by his poetic influence. It is noteworthy that Cumming grew in a strict Unitarian home (Dendinger, 89). However, this did not deter him from fulfilling his ambitions. He felt that his parents did not understand his free spirit, and the unique view he had about life. However, his liberated mind and the encouragement he was getting from his parents resulted into adoption of these controversial styles of writing poetry. In addition, his enrolment into school only functioned to fuel his thoughts about having a free spirit. Therefore, he did not take schoolwork as serious as anyone of his calibre was expected to by the society. In any way, it is while attending school that he developed the rebellion towards the frame of references of life. His attack on the mass mind and conservative patterns of contemplation as well as the restrictions the society had on expression originated from his staunch devotion to the person. He therefore believed in â€Å"the simple faith in the miracle of mans individuality’ (Bay-Cheng and Cole, 157). Therefore, in most of his works, he always blamed man, but idealised personality. He thus directed his critics against the foes of individual, by letting no man rest in what he believes he knows. The rhetorical function of his language is based on this foundation. Therefore, this shows that Cumming’s influences to poetry started at a tender age when he stared composing points at only ten years (Bay-Cheng and Cole, 157). This means that his open-minded and at times lenient parents encouraged him early in his life to delve into his creative side. In addition, Metcalf (374) notes that Dante who was an author but died even before Dante was born also influenced the early works of Cummings. This influence is reflected in the non-lectures that Cummings gave to the audiences he addressed. However, it was not Dante alone but also Dickens and Mallory. However, it is his controve rsial address to the Graduating class at Harvard University brought him into the public eye. This talk was about new art, in which he dismissed the admired poet Amy Lowell by referring to her as abnormal (Bay-Cheng and Cole, 160). Some of Dante’s influences are reflected in the passages of some of the works of Cumming such as â€Å"Inferno†. In this piece of work, overt references appear in brief in his passages (Metcalf, 380). Most of these references serve to underpin Cumming’s ironic and negative thoughts of the modern world. However, this influence presents itself in a different way when Cumming, just like Dante, goes through an onerous journey just to safeguard his free spirited claims. Dendinger (95) asserts that his difficult journey is talked about in the novel â€Å"Emmi†where he has quoted Dante’s optimistic visions towards life from â€Å"Vita Nuova and â€Å"Paradiso†. Another example of Cummings works is the â€Å"So shy shy shy†poem that has a conspicuous similitude to an extract â€Å"Vita Nuova†. Therefore, these comparisons suggest that most of Cummings directions in poetry were influenced by Dante’s work. His move to Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps in New York with a long time friend from college contributed in part to his poetic influences (Bay-Cheng and Cole Barbara, 162). This is because he was putting his thoughts to practice concerning what he believes is right. He was, thus trying to deviate from the norm of fresh college graduates joining
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Work and Society People Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Work and Society People - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the participation of women in paid market work is increasing day by day. This situation is also experiencing various issues and challenges. These challenges are resulting in the reformation of different policies such as taxation, benefits and health policies. Though the number of women professionals is increasing in the job market, the undeniable responsibilities towards childcare and household works are restricting their contribution towards organizations and career growth. A huge number of women with these kinds of responsibilities are scaling down their employment potency by choosing less challenging works and part-time jobs. The involvement of men in domestic works is increasing day by day. Now a day’s men are providing their share of contribution in the domestic works and they are also spending adequate time with their children than before. There are several reasons behind these role changes such as economic pressure, increas ed time pressure on working women and attitude changes in terms of gender role. On the other hand, different researches conducted in the UK and US have demonstrated that women are still handling most of the household responsibilities in comparison to men. More involvement of the male partner in domestic works indicates improvement in the job performance of women. It also ensures the increase in women’s capability to accept more job responsibility. Further discussion of the study has also demonstrated the changing scenario of labor distribution between men and women. Gender division in terms of paid market work and domestic labor is a very common site in the developing countries. A statistical report has shown that women are more inclined towards the less paid part-time job while men are focused towards higher paid full-time jobs. The governmental data has represented that near about 27% of part-time workers in the UK are female employees.
Sunday, October 27, 2019
The Application Of Clinical Effectiveness In Physiotherapy
The Application Of Clinical Effectiveness In Physiotherapy SCIPS (2006) defined Physiotherapy as a science-based health care profession which emphasises the use of physical approaches in the promotion, maintenance and restoration of an individuals physical, psychological and social well-being through various interventions, supported and influenced by evidence of clinical effectiveness and practitioners may work independently or as members of the health care team. Physiotherapy and rehabilitation services in Oman is still in the young phases where most of our practices follows the traditional method, and evidence based approach involves reading international journals, research papers and attendance to seminars, conferences and postgraduate courses. The services have not been accompanied by a comparable increase in systematic evidence. Few practices have been evaluated either for their efficacy in carefully controlled circumstances or for their effectiveness in typical clinical situations, however to keep abreast with our clinical approach and to attain clinical effectiveness in our services, we need to develop strategies and audits to identify areas of improvement and ways of implementing effective and evidence based care. The essay will demonstrate the action plan by using the quotes of Graham (1996) on clinical effectiveness. The impact of guidelines, auditing and cost- effectiveness will also be discussed within sections of this essay. Clinical Effectiveness NHS Quality Improvement Scotland (NHS QIS 2005) described clinical effectiveness as the extent to which specific clinical interventions do what they are intended to do, i.e. maintain and improve the health of patients securing the greatest possible health gain from the available resources. They further described clinical effectiveness as critical thinking about actions, questioning whether it has the desired result, and about making positive changes to practice. They also continued to describe clinical effectiveness by using the same quotes as Graham 1996. National Health Service (2009) aimed to achieve clinical effectiveness strategy by developing a culture where clinical effectiveness is seen as being integral to the day-to-day provision of clinical care. Furthermore, through the development of an integrated work programme, setting out the structures, priorities, and implementing and monitoring national guidance, standards and policy. Evidence -Based Practice. Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) is the process of systematically reviewing, appraising and using clinical research findings to aid the delivery of optimum clinical care to patients (Belsey J, Snell T(2009). Hospital management.net (2005) in their review of rehabilitating physiotherapy stated that evidence-based practice is currently becoming a basic ethical stand in physiotherapy and other fields of healthcare. The purpose of evidence-based practice is to make any decision-making on diagnosis and treatment proceeds from proven knowledge in the field concerned. Herbert R et al (2005) in their review of practical evidence-based physiotherapy pointed out that research alone is not enough, it is most effective when patients, health professionals and policy makers bring to their decisions a range of values, preferences, experiences and knowledge. Clinical effectiveness as quoted by Graham (1996) the right persons, doing the right thing, the right way, in the right place, at the right time with the right result The philosophy in this essay involves team members collecting knowledge of the available service, and then using evidence from a wide range of sources to inform the outcome, linked to the priorities facing the profession. Also develop frameworks to guide ongoing development such as competency framework, and an integrated care pathway, through implementation of patient care knowledge. The process for development will be timely and detailed, and will be actively disseminated using strategic planning to promote implementation and later will be evaluated. Success for the development of clinical effectiveness and evidence-based care would be for the team to experience a constructive and enabling process that contributes to their continuing professional development and progression of research knowledge and skills. The following sections will apply the parameters of Grahams quote to the practice of physiotherapy and rehabilitation through clinical effectiveness. The right persons-(competence) Epstein and Hundert (2002) defined professional competence as the habitual and judicious use of communication, knowledge, technical skills, clinical reasoning, emotions, values, and reflection in daily practice for the benefit of the individual and community being served The therapist has to be fully qualified and competent to be able to make decisions for therapeutic interventions, identify and analyse the patients condition, a particular clinical problem, should be able to identify and define standards relevant to clinical work, and have the knowledge of the subsequent intervention that might improve outcome. The right thing (evidence based practice resources) Graham (1996) quoted that evidence-based practice is about doing the right things right, and Muir Gray (1997) supported the emphasis on the process rather than on the result. Evidence can be gathered from a range of resources including published guidelines, journals articles, conferences, books, peer reviews, client feedbacks and other recourses from libraries. In order to attain the evidence based practice resources the social value must be identified and the impact of provider values on access to services and quality of care should be understood. Rebecca Broughton (2001) stated that clinical guidelines are systematically developed statements designed to help practitioners and patients decide on appropriate healthcare. It stated that guidelines reduce unacceptable or undesirable variations in practice and provide a focus for discussion among health professionals and patients. Furthermore, Van der Wees P and Mead J(2004) in their study on framework for clinical guideline development in physiotherapy concluded that clinical guidelines are a valuable resource for effective clinical practice and are important tools for clinical effectiveness and evidence based practice, and has the potential to improve the quality of patient care. The right way (skills and competence) The team will work collaboratively to deliver a new policy as per the needs through an evidence based approach system and evaluate new policy in the context of local and national priorities and critically review the nature of evidence in the context of the working environment. The right way to develop skills and competence and the necessary step will be observed such as; time to develop the services, required post training for the therapists, duration of training and resources such as current equipment, the evidence based researched journals and the financial implication. Protocols or specification must be developed and updated by ensuring staff development such as participation in Continuing Medical Education (CMEs) and ensuring confidence of current knowledge and skills through evidence based practice. Patients dignity and privacy must be equally maintained in all contexts of intervention. The right place (location of treatment/services) This will involve team work to audit and identify the geographical regions that need developing and observe the clinical practice, thus includes identifying priority areas of work to deliver the strategy, The performance will be audited to measure the quality of care the patient experienced including the effectiveness of implementing the best available evidence and then benchmarked against pre-set standards, changes will then be implemented where needed. The clinical audit process seeks to identify areas for service improvement, develop and carry out action plans to rectify or improve service provision and then to re-audit to ensure that these changes have an effect. (Wikipedia). The right time (provision of treatment/services) The team will determine and assess the clinical needs of care and interventions so as to develop the appropriate delivery of services as per the requirements and assess the cost effectiveness of the service delivery. The status of the current services, the type of patients, clinical intervention, time process, duration of treatment and location should be reviewed. Hurley et al (2009) in their study on effectiveness and clinical applicability of integrated rehabilitation programs for knee osteoarthritis showed that correct integrated rehabilitation programmes involving exercise and self-management are more clinically and cost effective and may be the best way of managing the large and increasing number of people suffering chronic knee pain. Another example from Santos et al (2004) in their project implementing clinical evidence in the management of coronary care provided a foundation for the development of a management strategy by using a multidisciplinary team approach, involving updating guidelines and resources. A positive outcome of the project was a reduction in hospital admission. An example in our local services was seen in a study of rehabilitation and management of elderly individuals following stroke which required an integrated approach from a multidisciplinary team. This minimised readmission of chronic cases and proved cost effective. Cost-effectiveness analysis should be done to address and ensure the efficient use of recourses and compare the financial costs of therapies whose outcomes can be measured purely in terms of health effect. (Alan Haycox 2009). Ceri. P. (2001) stated that one such method for measuring the extent of health gains is the quantity adjustment life year (QALY). The right result (clinical effectiveness/ maximising health gain) The results should be identified and reported to assess the benefits and patients satisfaction. The appraised research has to have valid and relevant information in the overall results that could be of clinical benefit safe, effective, cost beneficial and when used on the general population will make a difference. Hence health care authorities should develop appropriate use of evidence-based, standardized processes and centers of excellence to support easy reach of health care through a multidisciplinary care team of physiotherapy and rehabilitation. CONCLUSION This essay has discussed the mechanism of clinical effectiveness and evidence based practice in the context of physiotherapy and rehabilitation service. The essay has reflected on the needs and future expectations in the provision of a safe and effective care on a national scale. It has been found that in the context of providing effective rehabilitation, the implementation of up-to-date guidelines, auditing and cost evaluation are all paramount for the assessment of clinical effectiveness. In conclusion, clinical effectiveness in physiotherapy and rehabilitation services uses an integrated approach and can be thought of as the sum of the right person; as being the competent skilled therapist, backed with the right evidence, protocols and guidelines (the right way). In addition, an efficient well equipped environment. An ongoing review of such intervention and approach is required to evaluate and further improve the results of the provided service.
Friday, October 25, 2019
Herman Miller. Essay examples -- essays research papers
Herman Miller: Role Model in Employee and Environmental Relations Case Summary and Questions for debate †¢Ã‚     The company had been a model for almost 70 years – until the 1990’s EMPLOYEE RELATIONS †¢Ã‚     Used as example of superb employee relations in business text books like o     A Passion for Excellence o     The 100 Best Companies to Work For in America †¢Ã‚     Interesting point of how the founder named the company after his father-in-law, giving honor to him who supported the business both in financial start-up and via family †¢Ã‚     The DuPree family maintained a paternalistic relationship with their employees †¢Ã‚     DuPree family brought their devout, faith influenced values to the company in various ways: o     Kind, gentle tones with employee communications o     Profit sharing and employee incentive programs (before they were popular) o     Participative management methods o     Silver parachutes for those who might lose their jobs o     Considered the employees as vice presidents o     Salary of top executives were not more that 20 times the average wage of the line worker o     Evaluations given to and by employees every six months †¢Ã‚     Results and evidence of Excellent Employee Relations include o     Loyal workforce o     Development and movement from within the company o     Gifted design teams o     Commitment to doing what was right (rather than what was best) ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONS †¢Ã‚     Stopped using two species of trees for their rosewood signature piece â€Å"Eames chair†when it was discovered they came from vunerable rain forests †¢Ã‚     90% cut in trash hauled to landfills †¢Ã‚     Built $11 million waste-to-energy heating and cooling plant resulting in $750,000 annual savings in fuel and landfill costs †¢Ã‚     Ceased use of Styrofoam cups and distributed 5,000 mugs to compe... ... – most organizations were still very structured by hierarchy b.     Profit sharing incentives – gotta love that! c.     Opportunities for advancement d.     Allowing employees to feel valued and part of team e.     Job security 5.     Do these types of policies add to costs in an unacceptable level? – if these areas are benefiting the company enough, they can always find other efficient manners of cost-cutting and still producing quality! A few really good loyal workers with great benefits can get a lot more work done in less time than many who are out for themselves and really have not concern for the good of the company 6.     Were competitors too lean and mean? 7.     Was there a better way to handle the inevitable ‘letting go’ of some employees? 8.     Were there alternatives? – there are almost always alternatives a.     Cutting costs in other areas? b.     Increasing advertising? c.     Expanding market?
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Was Darwin Wrong?
{draw:g} {draw:g} {draw:g} Table of Contents Introduction Who was Charles Darwin? Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. Originally, Darwin did not believe in the idea of evolution and trained to be a priest before studying geology and biology. In 1831, when Darwin was 22, he set sail around the world on HMS Beagle, a naval survey ship. The trip lasted for 5 years during which time the ship stopped at many places including the Galapagos Islands, just off the west coast of South America. Darwin examined animals and plants from everywhere he visited, taking specimens back to England and recording his observations in a diary. However he was most intrigued by the finches on the Galapagos Islands†¦ What was Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection? {draw:frame} Darwin noticed that there were wide variations in the finches’ size, beaks and claws. He decided the beaks were designed for eating different things and concluded that the finches must have evolved from just one species which had changed over time. They had adapted to their surroundings. In order to begin to understand natural selection, it is important recognise how the many hundreds of thousands of living organisms are classified. The diagram on the next page shows an example of how we determine a species. {draw:frame} {draw:rect} A species can be defined as a group of organisms so similar they can breed together to form fertile offspring. For example, a horse and a donkey can breed to produce a mule but the mule, is infertile therefore showing a horse and a donkey are of different species. Within a species there are still differences and this variation is very important in evolution because without them, natural selection could not occur. Variation can be either genetic, environmental or a combination of both. For example: Variation caused by genes includes eye colour , gender Variation caused by the environment includes accent Variation caused by a combination of both includes high blood pressure, weight Nearly all variation is caused by a combination of these factors. Many people before Darwin thought about evolution and most scientists agreed that life on earth started from a few, simple living things. Alfred Russel Wallace and Jean Baptiste de Lamarck both had ideas about evolution, but Darwin was the first to come up with a plausible idea of how evolution happened. This is what he called Natural Selection and when he returned from his round the world trip, Darwin spent over twenty years working to prove his theory. Wallace wrote to him asking him for advice and together they wrote a paper about evolution. To summarize, Darwin’s theory is basically: Species change over time. This is supported by the fossil record. All organisms share a common ancestor which explains the similarities between organisms that are classified together. This is supported by evidence of vestigial organs and homologous structures (see page 6). Evolutionary change is gradual and slow. This is also supported by the fossil record. Another crucial conclusion Darwin made, was that there are always going to be too many of one species for each of them to survive. This is because they will always be in competition for food and space. He established that those best suited to survive pass their genes onto their offspring, which causes their species to change over time and could lead to their extinction. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:rect} {draw:frame} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:rect} Diagram to show the steps in natural selection Why the population of a species changes over time {draw:frame} In the above graph, the Canadian lynx eats the Snowshoe hare. No other cat is so dependent on a single prey species. Two years after a rise in the snowshoe hare population, there is a rise in the lynx population. Then, the Snowshoe hare population falls. When there are too few Snowshoe hares for the lynx to survive, their population starts to fall as well. Because the predator population has now decreased, it allows time for the prey population to increase again. As there is now more food, the predator population starts to increase again. This cycle repeats itself over and over. That is why we say there is a clear pattern of interdependence between the two populations. What Evidence did Darwin Use? Fossil Record A fossil is a dead plant, animal or other once-living thing that has been preserved for millions of years and leaves an imprint in stone. Almost all fossils are from extinct species. Darwin used fossils to prove that evolution happened. He could determine the relative age of various fossils by looking at the layers in the rock and he could see the changes in one type of fossil. For example, by collecting many fossils of one animal, he could see how it had evolved over time. An animal may become extinct when there is a sudden change in their habitat – for example food or temperature. A new species can become either the predator or the prey of a species already living there, thus placing either species under possible threat of extinction. The extinction of a species has an effect on the food chain. Limitations of the Fossil Record There are gaps in the fossil record because the conditions were not always suitable for fossils to develop. This meant that not every species was recorded as a fossil and sometimes a species would occur that had no link to a previous one. Also, because evolution happens over a long period of time and often in sudden bursts, (these bursts could be up to 10,000 years apart) evidence of smaller changes were not recorded. Vestigial Organs A vestigial organ is one that has little or no use now, but was well developed in its ancestors – exactly like our appendix. By looking at vestigial organs in modern species and seeing if older species had used that organ, Darwin could determine how a species had changed over time. Homologous Structures Darwin also compared homologous structures which are body parts that structurally similar in related species. If two or more different species have homologous structures, it shows that they have come from the same origin. For example, gorillas and homo-sapiens both have similar body features (hand, skulls†¦ ) illustrating that the two species have the same ancestors. Was Darwin’s theory accepted at the time? Darwin’s theory was widely rejected at the time because many people were creationists. This means they believe the creation story in the bible i. e. ll life was created in six days. Darwin’s theory of evolution challenged this view, but because there were gaps in the fossil record, it was hardto trace the changes in a species and convincing people, therefore was very difficult. Also, the age of the earth was estimated by using the Bible to be about 6000 years old, but this did not seem long enough for evolution to have taken place. Finally, although Darwin knew certain features were passed on from generation to generation, he could not explain why (see later). What other theories were there? Lamarck’s theory Lamarck had a different theory. He believed that by striving to fit into their surroundings, the animal’s bodies changed. According to his theory, the giraffe developed its long neck by stretching it to reach the leaves on trees. Similar to other scientists he explained that life started with simple living things. However, he believed that at each generation, they became more complicated. His theory did not take account of the single celled life that still existed on Earth. Lamarck could see the changes in a species, but tried to explain it in a different way because he was afraid that people would not support the idea of natural selection. Mendel’s theory George Mendel was born in 1822. Because he was poor, he joined a monastery, but also studied at the University of Vienna where he learned to carry out scientific experiments. At the monastery he learned how to breed plants and one of his jobs was to create better varieties. He was very interested in how features were passed on from one generation to the next and he decided to crossbreed different pea plants to see what would happen. He crossed red flowered plants with white and the resulting plants were all red. He then bred these plants together and this experiment returned mostly red but some white. Mendel concluded that there must be different versions of the same genes. What evidence has been obtained since Darwin? Peppered Moths – Kettlewell studies of the 1950’s During the industrial revolution, carbon (soot) coated trees in a dark colour. The once dominant and well camouflaged pale moths (typica) were now being replaced by the rarer darker moths (carbonaria). These moths continued grow in numbers and by 1895 they represented 98% of all moths in Manchester. Naturalists at this time suggested this was a result of the industrial activity on the local landscape and that the darker moths had a survival advantage. They had become so well camouflaged on trees they had stopped being eaten by birds, whereas the paler, typica species had now become clearly visible. The general population had changed from the pale coloured moth, to the darker coloured moth and this was another example of natural selection. In 1998, a scientist called Michael Majerus re-examined Kettlewell’s studies and concluded that the colour change in the moths is an example of natural selection, but predation by birds is only one factor – not the sole factor. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and Genetics Francis Crick, a scientist from Cambridge announced in 1953, he and James Watson had found the â€Å"secret of life†– the structure of D. N. A. D. N. A. is the material inside the nucleus of cells and carries the information of how organisms develop. It is copied when new cells are made, but can be damaged or changed, usually resulting in the death of the cell. Genes are passed on from parents to offspring ensuring that the most successful individuals survive. Variation is caused because of differences in genes. Bacterial antibiotic resistance Sometimes a mutation in D. N. A. can be beneficial for the bacteria. For example bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics and this gives them an added advantage over non-resistant bacteria. Why I think that new evidence will continue support Darwin’s theory I think that new evidence will continue to support Darwin’s theory for a number of reasons: Advances in technology mean newer ways of discovering the past will become available As species evolve further, scientists will have etter records to get information from Now scientists know what they are looking for which provides evidence of evolution Overall, I agree with the scientific belief today that â€Å"natural selection is the mechanism which leads to adaption and diversity†whilst â€Å"genetics provide the mechanics for traits to be inherited†Bibliography
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Challenges of Management Essay
Management is an important organ of the modern society. The decisions of management in government, business and other organizations constitute a powerful social force which is vital to the effective functioning of the contemporary society. Management is that organ of the society which is given the responsibility of making the productive use of resources for the betterment of the society. The term ‘management’ is also used to represent an organized body of knowledge which enables the ambitious executives to acquire and master the skills needed to discharge their responsibilities effectively. This body of knowledge should not be taken as static. It should be studied in the light of socio-economic, political, educational and other changes. These changes make it appropriate (even mandatory) to re-examine the role of modem managers. Modern managers have the responsibility to devise the management practices to meet the new challenges and make use of the opportunities for growth of the organization. Change is an important feature of modern organizations. Significant changes take place every day in social, technological, political and other aspects of modern world. However, the recent spate of changes in the economies of the world caused, by creation of World Trade Organization (WTO), economic liberalization and trend towards globalization of economies have brought many opportunities and threats for the modern organizations. No manager can afford to ignore such changes; rather he has to make use of them to his advantage. In other words, he has no option, but to accept the challenges. To be successful, the manager must try to forecast the changes because of the following reasons: i) The changes in business environment will have a considerable impact on the theory and practice of management. Experience that once provided a sense of security to preceding generations of managers may be of little comfort to future managers. New problems will arise which may render the old principles and practices of management obsolete and call for evolving new theories and practices. (ii) The effective handling of change calls for latest information and new skills on the part of managers. Those who prepare themselves for challenges in the future will find many opportunities for growth and expansion of their business. During the last two decades, there has been a phenomenal growth in Size and complexity of organizations in every field, be it Government, religious, educational, medical, military or business. In fact, an increasing proportion of all our activities occurs within the boundaries of these complex organizations and in that sense, we have become truly a ‘organizational society’. Management concepts and practices, organization structure and behavior have responded to these changing influences. This chapter aims at sketching out a framework for looking at the future of management of organizations and analyses the important forces at work in this regard. The important areas which would create challenges for the management are as follows: 1. Social environment. 2. Economic environment. 3. Technological environment. 4. Physical environment. 5. Political environment. 6. International environment. The trends of these environments and their relevance for the future manager are discussed below. Population Explosion. Population of our country and of the world is increasing rapidly. This will require new jobs, more product’s, new methods of production and distribution and new modes of living. The population mix will also change. There will be an increase in the proportion of older people due to increase in the average life span. This will affect the demand for products of many organizations. b. Educational Level. The governments of various countries have been taking steps to eradicate illiteracy and to increase the educational level of their citizens. Educated consumers and workers will create very tough tasks for the organizations in future. It would become really difficult to satisfy enlightened consumers whose behavior would not be predictable. The workers will be better organized and compel the organizations to safeguard their interests and to allow them to have say in their management. c. Leisure Time. People will have more leisure time because of reduced working hours, increased automation and quick means of traffic and communication. The effects of this trend are many and varied. For some people, more leisure time means higher spending in pursuits of leisure which will encourage the growth of tourism, fast food and entertainment industries. For others, it means an opportunity for earning more by doing some part-time jobs. d. Public Opinion. Public Opinion about business will shape the attitudes of future managers. If the people have distrust in the market system, they will prefer governed controls to free competition. The opinion is going to be very complex because of changes in values of society, increased international competition, rise of consumerism use of industrial robots, etc. . Changes in Economic Environment (Globalization and Liberalization) the degree of resource exploitation will have a direct bearing on the economic environment and through this on the business. As is obvious from the present trends, physical environment will not remain confined to land only, but would extend to oceans and space also. In future, oceans will be developed via farming and mining operations; and space flights and missions will concentrate on studying causes of changes in atmospheric conditions and finding reserves of natural resources in land and water. Economic conditions in India are changing at a fast speed because of Government’s policy of liberalization of industrial licensing and foreign direct investment and also the creation of World Trade Organization (WTO). There is now increased emphasis on the globalization of economy. The Indian managers will have opportunities of raising capital from foreign markets, distribute their products internationally and start industries abroad. Business competition will no†¢ longer be restricted to national boundaries. It will become international because of growth of multinational corporations. Big organizations will continue growing through diversifications and take-overs. Despite growth of giant corporations, opportunities for small business will not be reduced. Small firms will be needed to serve as feeder to large ones and to supply non-standardized goods. All these will increase the complexity of decisions in the future. 3. Changes in Technological Environment Technological changes will affect management in the future in terms of heavy investment in technology, understanding the principles of production and their consistent application, and effects of technology on markets. In future, all big organizations will be actively engaged in technological forecasting. Automation and information technology will assume new proportions as discussed below: (a) Automation. Automation has created several problems. Jobs have become routinized and unchallenging. Introduction of industrial robots has created a feeling of job insecurity among workers. Once industrial robots take over from workers, the primary task of the workers would be to set up production runs, to program the robots and to run them under computer control. Thus, future organizations will have highly automated man-machine systems. (b) Information Technology. There will be remarkable impact of computerized information systems on management. Firstly, there will be Use of electronic equipment to collect and process data. Secondly, Computers will help application of quantitative techniques to management Problems. Thirdly, there will be simulation of higher order thinking though computer programmers. Thus, improved and innovative use of information technology would be an essential factor in future management. In view of the fact that information technology will challenge many long-established practices and doctrines, we will need to rethink some of the attitudes and Values which we have taken for granted. In particular. we may have to reappraise our traditional notions about the worth of the individual as opposed to the organization and about the mobility rights of young men. This kind of inquiry may be painfully difficult, but will be increasingly necessary. †It may be noted that technological changes are not an independent force. They overlap the social changes . nd affect the organization relationships. For instance, improved technology would reduce total employment which will create social reactions. Further, the efficiency of managerial personnel and professionals like doctors, chartered accountants, engineers, etc. would increase considerably because of advancements in technology. 4. Changes in Physical Environment. Protection of ecology and maintenance of ecological balance has become a major issue these days. This is evident from the rise of several social groups against felling of trees for commercial use (chipko movement) and air, water and noise pollution. The society will no longer tolerate environmental pollution. The typical examples are: closure of several tannery units in Kanpur by the Supreme Court as they were polluting the Holy Ganga and closure of several foundries around Taj Mahal by the Supreme Court as they were polluting the air leading to adverse effect on the whiteness of the national monument. The country cannot allow tragedies like Bhopal Gas Leak Case, 1984 at Union Carbide to occur again. The growing awareness of the people about environment will pose problems before the managers. They will have to study the adverse effects of business operations on the environment and take suitable steps to check all kinds of pollution. Thus, there will be greater emphasis on the development of technology for pollution control and environmental restoration. 5. Changes in Political Environment. There will be greater Government’s interference in business to safeguard the interest of workers, consumers and the public at large. Government’s participation will also pose many challenges before management. The Government may restrict the scope of private sector in certain areas. It does not mean chances of co-operation between the Government and private sector are ruled out. In fact, there will be more and more joint sector enterprises. The fear of nationalization of the mismanaged units will continue. Financial institutions will not be silent spectators; they will take active part in the policy formulation of the firms whom they have advanced funds. 6. Changes in International Environment. Several changes are taking place in the international environment which may have adverse or favorable impact on a particular business. For example, the disintegration of U. S. S. R. aused great miseries for the Indian exporters in the early nineties. Not only their investment was blocked, further exports were also hindered. This compelled the Indian businessmen to explore new export markets. The managements will have to be alert in future to meet the challenges posed by international forces Because of liberalization of industrial licensing by developing nations and reduct ion of economic barriers between nations as a result of GAIT agreement 1993; several changes seem to be imminent in the near future. Multilateral trade among the nations will increase. The role of World Trade Organisation1 I. M. F. , World Bank and other international institutions will change and a new economic order will take place leading to globalization of economies. EMERGING HORIZONS OF MANAGEMENT (Challenges before Future Managers) The changing environment of business is likely to pose the following challenges before the future managers: 1. Reconciliation of Conflicting Demands of Social Groups The organizations are expected to reconcile the conflicting demands of various stakeholders such as owners, employees, suppliers, customers, government and the community. The shareholders or owners of the business want the highest possible return, the workers the highest possible†¢ wages, the consumers the goods at the lowest possible price and the Government wants the highest possible revenue. It would be the duty of management to bring about a compromise among the interests of various parties. The business managers will also have to take care of the expectations of the society such as higher quality, fair trade practices, maintenance of physical environment, etc. If they fail to meet the needs and expectations of the society, it will be rendered difficult for them to survive. The managements of organizations will also have to give due consideration to the human resources working with them. They will have to change their policies to give the workers a greater say an influence in organizational functioning. Latent human capability is the most valuable resource of the organization much more important than physical and financial resources. Increasingly, management will emphasize the importance of human resources and recognize that maintaining a viable psycho-social system is one of its most vital tasks. In other words, the organizations will have to decentralize authority, introduce flexibility in the structure and give sufficient freedom to individuals to take decisions to meet the social, economic and technological challenges successfully. 2. Economic Liberalization The liberalization of the Indian economy has posed the following challenges for the managers : (a) Competition in the fast growing domestic market. Diversification into the core and infrastructure sectorsâ€â€power, telecoms, roads, ports, insurance, etc. hich was earlier reserved for the public sector (c) Raising India’s exports and share of the world trade. (d) Achieving the vision of becoming India-based Multinational Corporation. 3. Globalization The world has become a small village, thanks to the rapid means of transportation and telecommunications. Satellite transmission has widened the geographical markets. The countries have become interdependent, in terms of technology, capital, purchases and sales. Global, companies buy from the cheapest markets and sell where they can get maximum prices. They carry on production in the country where cost of production is the minimum. In other words, globalization calls for reduction of costs, improvement of quality, expansion of markets and diversification into new areas and markets. Indian companies use not only imported components, but are also selling their finished products to markets abroad. To take advantage of global markets, Indian companies are making strategic alliances with foreign companies. We have Mod i-Xerox, HPL-Olivetti, ICIM-Fuji, Kinetic Honda, etc. Global networking of suppliers, distributors, technical collaborators, ad agencies, etc. is being created. The most successful companies will rely more and more on global integration and networking. 4. Expanding Operations of Business Organizations The changes in environment and technologies during the last four decades have compelled organizations to increase their scope and encompass additional activities. The development of big industrial houses with activities in a wide variety of industri4l fields is a typical example of such expansion of activities of organizations. Industrial giants have accumulated vast financial resources and spread their risks),y branching out into different areas of economic activity. To cope with the changing requirements, such organizations have developed new organizational structure with focus on planning, control and coordination. The managerial systems of these companies are substantially more flexible and dynamic than of the simplified single-product companies. Another facet of expanding frontiers of organizational activities is the spread of corporations outside the national boundaries. These corporations are known as multinational or transnational corporations.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Free Essays on Greek Play
A Greek’s Talent To be a writer is no easy task. Writing takes a lot of time and creativity. Even for someone to sit down and write, they never compose a masterpiece right from the start. Yet when you look at the Greek classics, you are mesmerized by the author’s ability to make it look so easy. It looks as if they were able to compose literary classics overnight. As if their mind never stops to pause but keeps on creating. Sophocles has it and Aristophanes has it, though both had it on different plans of writing Greeks literary masterpieces. To be a writer of Greek stories, plays you cannot lack, cannot be a second rate writer. Now a-days the entertainment business puts out anything; B-rated movies get produced and showed every week it seems. In Ancient Greeks B-rated plays would never get put on the stage, it would be sacrilegious to deem such a suggestion. If you did not have a top-notch play then your story did not reach the theater. If you did not win a bard you were seen as any thing but great, and anything less than great did not cut it. Greek writers of tragedy and comedy paved the road of greatness that is used down through the ages from such writers as Shakespeare. It takes talent to write such works of art; in this paper you are going to see two great authors contrive two great aspects of Greek writings; characteristics of a Greek tragedy featured in Sophocles Oedipus the King, and a Greek Comedy shown in Aristophanes’ Lysistrata.... Free Essays on Greek Play Free Essays on Greek Play A Greek’s Talent To be a writer is no easy task. Writing takes a lot of time and creativity. Even for someone to sit down and write, they never compose a masterpiece right from the start. Yet when you look at the Greek classics, you are mesmerized by the author’s ability to make it look so easy. It looks as if they were able to compose literary classics overnight. As if their mind never stops to pause but keeps on creating. Sophocles has it and Aristophanes has it, though both had it on different plans of writing Greeks literary masterpieces. To be a writer of Greek stories, plays you cannot lack, cannot be a second rate writer. Now a-days the entertainment business puts out anything; B-rated movies get produced and showed every week it seems. In Ancient Greeks B-rated plays would never get put on the stage, it would be sacrilegious to deem such a suggestion. If you did not have a top-notch play then your story did not reach the theater. If you did not win a bard you were seen as any thing but great, and anything less than great did not cut it. Greek writers of tragedy and comedy paved the road of greatness that is used down through the ages from such writers as Shakespeare. It takes talent to write such works of art; in this paper you are going to see two great authors contrive two great aspects of Greek writings; characteristics of a Greek tragedy featured in Sophocles Oedipus the King, and a Greek Comedy shown in Aristophanes’ Lysistrata....
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