Thursday, October 31, 2019
E.E Cummings and His Influences to Writing Poetry Research Paper
E.E Cummings and His Influences to Writing Poetry - Research Paper Example Cummings was a controversial poet whose status was preceded by his poetic influence. It is noteworthy that Cumming grew in a strict Unitarian home (Dendinger, 89). However, this did not deter him from fulfilling his ambitions. He felt that his parents did not understand his free spirit, and the unique view he had about life. However, his liberated mind and the encouragement he was getting from his parents resulted into adoption of these controversial styles of writing poetry. In addition, his enrolment into school only functioned to fuel his thoughts about having a free spirit. Therefore, he did not take schoolwork as serious as anyone of his calibre was expected to by the society. In any way, it is while attending school that he developed the rebellion towards the frame of references of life. His attack on the mass mind and conservative patterns of contemplation as well as the restrictions the society had on expression originated from his staunch devotion to the person. He therefore believed in â€Å"the simple faith in the miracle of mans individuality’ (Bay-Cheng and Cole, 157). Therefore, in most of his works, he always blamed man, but idealised personality. He thus directed his critics against the foes of individual, by letting no man rest in what he believes he knows. The rhetorical function of his language is based on this foundation. Therefore, this shows that Cumming’s influences to poetry started at a tender age when he stared composing points at only ten years (Bay-Cheng and Cole, 157). This means that his open-minded and at times lenient parents encouraged him early in his life to delve into his creative side. In addition, Metcalf (374) notes that Dante who was an author but died even before Dante was born also influenced the early works of Cummings. This influence is reflected in the non-lectures that Cummings gave to the audiences he addressed. However, it was not Dante alone but also Dickens and Mallory. However, it is his controve rsial address to the Graduating class at Harvard University brought him into the public eye. This talk was about new art, in which he dismissed the admired poet Amy Lowell by referring to her as abnormal (Bay-Cheng and Cole, 160). Some of Dante’s influences are reflected in the passages of some of the works of Cumming such as â€Å"Inferno†. In this piece of work, overt references appear in brief in his passages (Metcalf, 380). Most of these references serve to underpin Cumming’s ironic and negative thoughts of the modern world. However, this influence presents itself in a different way when Cumming, just like Dante, goes through an onerous journey just to safeguard his free spirited claims. Dendinger (95) asserts that his difficult journey is talked about in the novel â€Å"Emmi†where he has quoted Dante’s optimistic visions towards life from â€Å"Vita Nuova and â€Å"Paradiso†. Another example of Cummings works is the â€Å"So shy shy shy†poem that has a conspicuous similitude to an extract â€Å"Vita Nuova†. Therefore, these comparisons suggest that most of Cummings directions in poetry were influenced by Dante’s work. His move to Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps in New York with a long time friend from college contributed in part to his poetic influences (Bay-Cheng and Cole Barbara, 162). This is because he was putting his thoughts to practice concerning what he believes is right. He was, thus trying to deviate from the norm of fresh college graduates joining
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Work and Society People Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Work and Society People - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the participation of women in paid market work is increasing day by day. This situation is also experiencing various issues and challenges. These challenges are resulting in the reformation of different policies such as taxation, benefits and health policies. Though the number of women professionals is increasing in the job market, the undeniable responsibilities towards childcare and household works are restricting their contribution towards organizations and career growth. A huge number of women with these kinds of responsibilities are scaling down their employment potency by choosing less challenging works and part-time jobs. The involvement of men in domestic works is increasing day by day. Now a day’s men are providing their share of contribution in the domestic works and they are also spending adequate time with their children than before. There are several reasons behind these role changes such as economic pressure, increas ed time pressure on working women and attitude changes in terms of gender role. On the other hand, different researches conducted in the UK and US have demonstrated that women are still handling most of the household responsibilities in comparison to men. More involvement of the male partner in domestic works indicates improvement in the job performance of women. It also ensures the increase in women’s capability to accept more job responsibility. Further discussion of the study has also demonstrated the changing scenario of labor distribution between men and women. Gender division in terms of paid market work and domestic labor is a very common site in the developing countries. A statistical report has shown that women are more inclined towards the less paid part-time job while men are focused towards higher paid full-time jobs. The governmental data has represented that near about 27% of part-time workers in the UK are female employees.
Sunday, October 27, 2019
The Application Of Clinical Effectiveness In Physiotherapy
The Application Of Clinical Effectiveness In Physiotherapy SCIPS (2006) defined Physiotherapy as a science-based health care profession which emphasises the use of physical approaches in the promotion, maintenance and restoration of an individuals physical, psychological and social well-being through various interventions, supported and influenced by evidence of clinical effectiveness and practitioners may work independently or as members of the health care team. Physiotherapy and rehabilitation services in Oman is still in the young phases where most of our practices follows the traditional method, and evidence based approach involves reading international journals, research papers and attendance to seminars, conferences and postgraduate courses. The services have not been accompanied by a comparable increase in systematic evidence. Few practices have been evaluated either for their efficacy in carefully controlled circumstances or for their effectiveness in typical clinical situations, however to keep abreast with our clinical approach and to attain clinical effectiveness in our services, we need to develop strategies and audits to identify areas of improvement and ways of implementing effective and evidence based care. The essay will demonstrate the action plan by using the quotes of Graham (1996) on clinical effectiveness. The impact of guidelines, auditing and cost- effectiveness will also be discussed within sections of this essay. Clinical Effectiveness NHS Quality Improvement Scotland (NHS QIS 2005) described clinical effectiveness as the extent to which specific clinical interventions do what they are intended to do, i.e. maintain and improve the health of patients securing the greatest possible health gain from the available resources. They further described clinical effectiveness as critical thinking about actions, questioning whether it has the desired result, and about making positive changes to practice. They also continued to describe clinical effectiveness by using the same quotes as Graham 1996. National Health Service (2009) aimed to achieve clinical effectiveness strategy by developing a culture where clinical effectiveness is seen as being integral to the day-to-day provision of clinical care. Furthermore, through the development of an integrated work programme, setting out the structures, priorities, and implementing and monitoring national guidance, standards and policy. Evidence -Based Practice. Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) is the process of systematically reviewing, appraising and using clinical research findings to aid the delivery of optimum clinical care to patients (Belsey J, Snell T(2009). Hospital management.net (2005) in their review of rehabilitating physiotherapy stated that evidence-based practice is currently becoming a basic ethical stand in physiotherapy and other fields of healthcare. The purpose of evidence-based practice is to make any decision-making on diagnosis and treatment proceeds from proven knowledge in the field concerned. Herbert R et al (2005) in their review of practical evidence-based physiotherapy pointed out that research alone is not enough, it is most effective when patients, health professionals and policy makers bring to their decisions a range of values, preferences, experiences and knowledge. Clinical effectiveness as quoted by Graham (1996) the right persons, doing the right thing, the right way, in the right place, at the right time with the right result The philosophy in this essay involves team members collecting knowledge of the available service, and then using evidence from a wide range of sources to inform the outcome, linked to the priorities facing the profession. Also develop frameworks to guide ongoing development such as competency framework, and an integrated care pathway, through implementation of patient care knowledge. The process for development will be timely and detailed, and will be actively disseminated using strategic planning to promote implementation and later will be evaluated. Success for the development of clinical effectiveness and evidence-based care would be for the team to experience a constructive and enabling process that contributes to their continuing professional development and progression of research knowledge and skills. The following sections will apply the parameters of Grahams quote to the practice of physiotherapy and rehabilitation through clinical effectiveness. The right persons-(competence) Epstein and Hundert (2002) defined professional competence as the habitual and judicious use of communication, knowledge, technical skills, clinical reasoning, emotions, values, and reflection in daily practice for the benefit of the individual and community being served The therapist has to be fully qualified and competent to be able to make decisions for therapeutic interventions, identify and analyse the patients condition, a particular clinical problem, should be able to identify and define standards relevant to clinical work, and have the knowledge of the subsequent intervention that might improve outcome. The right thing (evidence based practice resources) Graham (1996) quoted that evidence-based practice is about doing the right things right, and Muir Gray (1997) supported the emphasis on the process rather than on the result. Evidence can be gathered from a range of resources including published guidelines, journals articles, conferences, books, peer reviews, client feedbacks and other recourses from libraries. In order to attain the evidence based practice resources the social value must be identified and the impact of provider values on access to services and quality of care should be understood. Rebecca Broughton (2001) stated that clinical guidelines are systematically developed statements designed to help practitioners and patients decide on appropriate healthcare. It stated that guidelines reduce unacceptable or undesirable variations in practice and provide a focus for discussion among health professionals and patients. Furthermore, Van der Wees P and Mead J(2004) in their study on framework for clinical guideline development in physiotherapy concluded that clinical guidelines are a valuable resource for effective clinical practice and are important tools for clinical effectiveness and evidence based practice, and has the potential to improve the quality of patient care. The right way (skills and competence) The team will work collaboratively to deliver a new policy as per the needs through an evidence based approach system and evaluate new policy in the context of local and national priorities and critically review the nature of evidence in the context of the working environment. The right way to develop skills and competence and the necessary step will be observed such as; time to develop the services, required post training for the therapists, duration of training and resources such as current equipment, the evidence based researched journals and the financial implication. Protocols or specification must be developed and updated by ensuring staff development such as participation in Continuing Medical Education (CMEs) and ensuring confidence of current knowledge and skills through evidence based practice. Patients dignity and privacy must be equally maintained in all contexts of intervention. The right place (location of treatment/services) This will involve team work to audit and identify the geographical regions that need developing and observe the clinical practice, thus includes identifying priority areas of work to deliver the strategy, The performance will be audited to measure the quality of care the patient experienced including the effectiveness of implementing the best available evidence and then benchmarked against pre-set standards, changes will then be implemented where needed. The clinical audit process seeks to identify areas for service improvement, develop and carry out action plans to rectify or improve service provision and then to re-audit to ensure that these changes have an effect. (Wikipedia). The right time (provision of treatment/services) The team will determine and assess the clinical needs of care and interventions so as to develop the appropriate delivery of services as per the requirements and assess the cost effectiveness of the service delivery. The status of the current services, the type of patients, clinical intervention, time process, duration of treatment and location should be reviewed. Hurley et al (2009) in their study on effectiveness and clinical applicability of integrated rehabilitation programs for knee osteoarthritis showed that correct integrated rehabilitation programmes involving exercise and self-management are more clinically and cost effective and may be the best way of managing the large and increasing number of people suffering chronic knee pain. Another example from Santos et al (2004) in their project implementing clinical evidence in the management of coronary care provided a foundation for the development of a management strategy by using a multidisciplinary team approach, involving updating guidelines and resources. A positive outcome of the project was a reduction in hospital admission. An example in our local services was seen in a study of rehabilitation and management of elderly individuals following stroke which required an integrated approach from a multidisciplinary team. This minimised readmission of chronic cases and proved cost effective. Cost-effectiveness analysis should be done to address and ensure the efficient use of recourses and compare the financial costs of therapies whose outcomes can be measured purely in terms of health effect. (Alan Haycox 2009). Ceri. P. (2001) stated that one such method for measuring the extent of health gains is the quantity adjustment life year (QALY). The right result (clinical effectiveness/ maximising health gain) The results should be identified and reported to assess the benefits and patients satisfaction. The appraised research has to have valid and relevant information in the overall results that could be of clinical benefit safe, effective, cost beneficial and when used on the general population will make a difference. Hence health care authorities should develop appropriate use of evidence-based, standardized processes and centers of excellence to support easy reach of health care through a multidisciplinary care team of physiotherapy and rehabilitation. CONCLUSION This essay has discussed the mechanism of clinical effectiveness and evidence based practice in the context of physiotherapy and rehabilitation service. The essay has reflected on the needs and future expectations in the provision of a safe and effective care on a national scale. It has been found that in the context of providing effective rehabilitation, the implementation of up-to-date guidelines, auditing and cost evaluation are all paramount for the assessment of clinical effectiveness. In conclusion, clinical effectiveness in physiotherapy and rehabilitation services uses an integrated approach and can be thought of as the sum of the right person; as being the competent skilled therapist, backed with the right evidence, protocols and guidelines (the right way). In addition, an efficient well equipped environment. An ongoing review of such intervention and approach is required to evaluate and further improve the results of the provided service.
Friday, October 25, 2019
Herman Miller. Essay examples -- essays research papers
Herman Miller: Role Model in Employee and Environmental Relations Case Summary and Questions for debate †¢Ã‚     The company had been a model for almost 70 years – until the 1990’s EMPLOYEE RELATIONS †¢Ã‚     Used as example of superb employee relations in business text books like o     A Passion for Excellence o     The 100 Best Companies to Work For in America †¢Ã‚     Interesting point of how the founder named the company after his father-in-law, giving honor to him who supported the business both in financial start-up and via family †¢Ã‚     The DuPree family maintained a paternalistic relationship with their employees †¢Ã‚     DuPree family brought their devout, faith influenced values to the company in various ways: o     Kind, gentle tones with employee communications o     Profit sharing and employee incentive programs (before they were popular) o     Participative management methods o     Silver parachutes for those who might lose their jobs o     Considered the employees as vice presidents o     Salary of top executives were not more that 20 times the average wage of the line worker o     Evaluations given to and by employees every six months †¢Ã‚     Results and evidence of Excellent Employee Relations include o     Loyal workforce o     Development and movement from within the company o     Gifted design teams o     Commitment to doing what was right (rather than what was best) ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONS †¢Ã‚     Stopped using two species of trees for their rosewood signature piece â€Å"Eames chair†when it was discovered they came from vunerable rain forests †¢Ã‚     90% cut in trash hauled to landfills †¢Ã‚     Built $11 million waste-to-energy heating and cooling plant resulting in $750,000 annual savings in fuel and landfill costs †¢Ã‚     Ceased use of Styrofoam cups and distributed 5,000 mugs to compe... ... – most organizations were still very structured by hierarchy b.     Profit sharing incentives – gotta love that! c.     Opportunities for advancement d.     Allowing employees to feel valued and part of team e.     Job security 5.     Do these types of policies add to costs in an unacceptable level? – if these areas are benefiting the company enough, they can always find other efficient manners of cost-cutting and still producing quality! A few really good loyal workers with great benefits can get a lot more work done in less time than many who are out for themselves and really have not concern for the good of the company 6.     Were competitors too lean and mean? 7.     Was there a better way to handle the inevitable ‘letting go’ of some employees? 8.     Were there alternatives? – there are almost always alternatives a.     Cutting costs in other areas? b.     Increasing advertising? c.     Expanding market?
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Was Darwin Wrong?
{draw:g} {draw:g} {draw:g} Table of Contents Introduction Who was Charles Darwin? Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. Originally, Darwin did not believe in the idea of evolution and trained to be a priest before studying geology and biology. In 1831, when Darwin was 22, he set sail around the world on HMS Beagle, a naval survey ship. The trip lasted for 5 years during which time the ship stopped at many places including the Galapagos Islands, just off the west coast of South America. Darwin examined animals and plants from everywhere he visited, taking specimens back to England and recording his observations in a diary. However he was most intrigued by the finches on the Galapagos Islands†¦ What was Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection? {draw:frame} Darwin noticed that there were wide variations in the finches’ size, beaks and claws. He decided the beaks were designed for eating different things and concluded that the finches must have evolved from just one species which had changed over time. They had adapted to their surroundings. In order to begin to understand natural selection, it is important recognise how the many hundreds of thousands of living organisms are classified. The diagram on the next page shows an example of how we determine a species. {draw:frame} {draw:rect} A species can be defined as a group of organisms so similar they can breed together to form fertile offspring. For example, a horse and a donkey can breed to produce a mule but the mule, is infertile therefore showing a horse and a donkey are of different species. Within a species there are still differences and this variation is very important in evolution because without them, natural selection could not occur. Variation can be either genetic, environmental or a combination of both. For example: Variation caused by genes includes eye colour , gender Variation caused by the environment includes accent Variation caused by a combination of both includes high blood pressure, weight Nearly all variation is caused by a combination of these factors. Many people before Darwin thought about evolution and most scientists agreed that life on earth started from a few, simple living things. Alfred Russel Wallace and Jean Baptiste de Lamarck both had ideas about evolution, but Darwin was the first to come up with a plausible idea of how evolution happened. This is what he called Natural Selection and when he returned from his round the world trip, Darwin spent over twenty years working to prove his theory. Wallace wrote to him asking him for advice and together they wrote a paper about evolution. To summarize, Darwin’s theory is basically: Species change over time. This is supported by the fossil record. All organisms share a common ancestor which explains the similarities between organisms that are classified together. This is supported by evidence of vestigial organs and homologous structures (see page 6). Evolutionary change is gradual and slow. This is also supported by the fossil record. Another crucial conclusion Darwin made, was that there are always going to be too many of one species for each of them to survive. This is because they will always be in competition for food and space. He established that those best suited to survive pass their genes onto their offspring, which causes their species to change over time and could lead to their extinction. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:rect} {draw:frame} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:rect} Diagram to show the steps in natural selection Why the population of a species changes over time {draw:frame} In the above graph, the Canadian lynx eats the Snowshoe hare. No other cat is so dependent on a single prey species. Two years after a rise in the snowshoe hare population, there is a rise in the lynx population. Then, the Snowshoe hare population falls. When there are too few Snowshoe hares for the lynx to survive, their population starts to fall as well. Because the predator population has now decreased, it allows time for the prey population to increase again. As there is now more food, the predator population starts to increase again. This cycle repeats itself over and over. That is why we say there is a clear pattern of interdependence between the two populations. What Evidence did Darwin Use? Fossil Record A fossil is a dead plant, animal or other once-living thing that has been preserved for millions of years and leaves an imprint in stone. Almost all fossils are from extinct species. Darwin used fossils to prove that evolution happened. He could determine the relative age of various fossils by looking at the layers in the rock and he could see the changes in one type of fossil. For example, by collecting many fossils of one animal, he could see how it had evolved over time. An animal may become extinct when there is a sudden change in their habitat – for example food or temperature. A new species can become either the predator or the prey of a species already living there, thus placing either species under possible threat of extinction. The extinction of a species has an effect on the food chain. Limitations of the Fossil Record There are gaps in the fossil record because the conditions were not always suitable for fossils to develop. This meant that not every species was recorded as a fossil and sometimes a species would occur that had no link to a previous one. Also, because evolution happens over a long period of time and often in sudden bursts, (these bursts could be up to 10,000 years apart) evidence of smaller changes were not recorded. Vestigial Organs A vestigial organ is one that has little or no use now, but was well developed in its ancestors – exactly like our appendix. By looking at vestigial organs in modern species and seeing if older species had used that organ, Darwin could determine how a species had changed over time. Homologous Structures Darwin also compared homologous structures which are body parts that structurally similar in related species. If two or more different species have homologous structures, it shows that they have come from the same origin. For example, gorillas and homo-sapiens both have similar body features (hand, skulls†¦ ) illustrating that the two species have the same ancestors. Was Darwin’s theory accepted at the time? Darwin’s theory was widely rejected at the time because many people were creationists. This means they believe the creation story in the bible i. e. ll life was created in six days. Darwin’s theory of evolution challenged this view, but because there were gaps in the fossil record, it was hardto trace the changes in a species and convincing people, therefore was very difficult. Also, the age of the earth was estimated by using the Bible to be about 6000 years old, but this did not seem long enough for evolution to have taken place. Finally, although Darwin knew certain features were passed on from generation to generation, he could not explain why (see later). What other theories were there? Lamarck’s theory Lamarck had a different theory. He believed that by striving to fit into their surroundings, the animal’s bodies changed. According to his theory, the giraffe developed its long neck by stretching it to reach the leaves on trees. Similar to other scientists he explained that life started with simple living things. However, he believed that at each generation, they became more complicated. His theory did not take account of the single celled life that still existed on Earth. Lamarck could see the changes in a species, but tried to explain it in a different way because he was afraid that people would not support the idea of natural selection. Mendel’s theory George Mendel was born in 1822. Because he was poor, he joined a monastery, but also studied at the University of Vienna where he learned to carry out scientific experiments. At the monastery he learned how to breed plants and one of his jobs was to create better varieties. He was very interested in how features were passed on from one generation to the next and he decided to crossbreed different pea plants to see what would happen. He crossed red flowered plants with white and the resulting plants were all red. He then bred these plants together and this experiment returned mostly red but some white. Mendel concluded that there must be different versions of the same genes. What evidence has been obtained since Darwin? Peppered Moths – Kettlewell studies of the 1950’s During the industrial revolution, carbon (soot) coated trees in a dark colour. The once dominant and well camouflaged pale moths (typica) were now being replaced by the rarer darker moths (carbonaria). These moths continued grow in numbers and by 1895 they represented 98% of all moths in Manchester. Naturalists at this time suggested this was a result of the industrial activity on the local landscape and that the darker moths had a survival advantage. They had become so well camouflaged on trees they had stopped being eaten by birds, whereas the paler, typica species had now become clearly visible. The general population had changed from the pale coloured moth, to the darker coloured moth and this was another example of natural selection. In 1998, a scientist called Michael Majerus re-examined Kettlewell’s studies and concluded that the colour change in the moths is an example of natural selection, but predation by birds is only one factor – not the sole factor. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and Genetics Francis Crick, a scientist from Cambridge announced in 1953, he and James Watson had found the â€Å"secret of life†– the structure of D. N. A. D. N. A. is the material inside the nucleus of cells and carries the information of how organisms develop. It is copied when new cells are made, but can be damaged or changed, usually resulting in the death of the cell. Genes are passed on from parents to offspring ensuring that the most successful individuals survive. Variation is caused because of differences in genes. Bacterial antibiotic resistance Sometimes a mutation in D. N. A. can be beneficial for the bacteria. For example bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics and this gives them an added advantage over non-resistant bacteria. Why I think that new evidence will continue support Darwin’s theory I think that new evidence will continue to support Darwin’s theory for a number of reasons: Advances in technology mean newer ways of discovering the past will become available As species evolve further, scientists will have etter records to get information from Now scientists know what they are looking for which provides evidence of evolution Overall, I agree with the scientific belief today that â€Å"natural selection is the mechanism which leads to adaption and diversity†whilst â€Å"genetics provide the mechanics for traits to be inherited†Bibliography
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Challenges of Management Essay
Management is an important organ of the modern society. The decisions of management in government, business and other organizations constitute a powerful social force which is vital to the effective functioning of the contemporary society. Management is that organ of the society which is given the responsibility of making the productive use of resources for the betterment of the society. The term ‘management’ is also used to represent an organized body of knowledge which enables the ambitious executives to acquire and master the skills needed to discharge their responsibilities effectively. This body of knowledge should not be taken as static. It should be studied in the light of socio-economic, political, educational and other changes. These changes make it appropriate (even mandatory) to re-examine the role of modem managers. Modern managers have the responsibility to devise the management practices to meet the new challenges and make use of the opportunities for growth of the organization. Change is an important feature of modern organizations. Significant changes take place every day in social, technological, political and other aspects of modern world. However, the recent spate of changes in the economies of the world caused, by creation of World Trade Organization (WTO), economic liberalization and trend towards globalization of economies have brought many opportunities and threats for the modern organizations. No manager can afford to ignore such changes; rather he has to make use of them to his advantage. In other words, he has no option, but to accept the challenges. To be successful, the manager must try to forecast the changes because of the following reasons: i) The changes in business environment will have a considerable impact on the theory and practice of management. Experience that once provided a sense of security to preceding generations of managers may be of little comfort to future managers. New problems will arise which may render the old principles and practices of management obsolete and call for evolving new theories and practices. (ii) The effective handling of change calls for latest information and new skills on the part of managers. Those who prepare themselves for challenges in the future will find many opportunities for growth and expansion of their business. During the last two decades, there has been a phenomenal growth in Size and complexity of organizations in every field, be it Government, religious, educational, medical, military or business. In fact, an increasing proportion of all our activities occurs within the boundaries of these complex organizations and in that sense, we have become truly a ‘organizational society’. Management concepts and practices, organization structure and behavior have responded to these changing influences. This chapter aims at sketching out a framework for looking at the future of management of organizations and analyses the important forces at work in this regard. The important areas which would create challenges for the management are as follows: 1. Social environment. 2. Economic environment. 3. Technological environment. 4. Physical environment. 5. Political environment. 6. International environment. The trends of these environments and their relevance for the future manager are discussed below. Population Explosion. Population of our country and of the world is increasing rapidly. This will require new jobs, more product’s, new methods of production and distribution and new modes of living. The population mix will also change. There will be an increase in the proportion of older people due to increase in the average life span. This will affect the demand for products of many organizations. b. Educational Level. The governments of various countries have been taking steps to eradicate illiteracy and to increase the educational level of their citizens. Educated consumers and workers will create very tough tasks for the organizations in future. It would become really difficult to satisfy enlightened consumers whose behavior would not be predictable. The workers will be better organized and compel the organizations to safeguard their interests and to allow them to have say in their management. c. Leisure Time. People will have more leisure time because of reduced working hours, increased automation and quick means of traffic and communication. The effects of this trend are many and varied. For some people, more leisure time means higher spending in pursuits of leisure which will encourage the growth of tourism, fast food and entertainment industries. For others, it means an opportunity for earning more by doing some part-time jobs. d. Public Opinion. Public Opinion about business will shape the attitudes of future managers. If the people have distrust in the market system, they will prefer governed controls to free competition. The opinion is going to be very complex because of changes in values of society, increased international competition, rise of consumerism use of industrial robots, etc. . Changes in Economic Environment (Globalization and Liberalization) the degree of resource exploitation will have a direct bearing on the economic environment and through this on the business. As is obvious from the present trends, physical environment will not remain confined to land only, but would extend to oceans and space also. In future, oceans will be developed via farming and mining operations; and space flights and missions will concentrate on studying causes of changes in atmospheric conditions and finding reserves of natural resources in land and water. Economic conditions in India are changing at a fast speed because of Government’s policy of liberalization of industrial licensing and foreign direct investment and also the creation of World Trade Organization (WTO). There is now increased emphasis on the globalization of economy. The Indian managers will have opportunities of raising capital from foreign markets, distribute their products internationally and start industries abroad. Business competition will no†¢ longer be restricted to national boundaries. It will become international because of growth of multinational corporations. Big organizations will continue growing through diversifications and take-overs. Despite growth of giant corporations, opportunities for small business will not be reduced. Small firms will be needed to serve as feeder to large ones and to supply non-standardized goods. All these will increase the complexity of decisions in the future. 3. Changes in Technological Environment Technological changes will affect management in the future in terms of heavy investment in technology, understanding the principles of production and their consistent application, and effects of technology on markets. In future, all big organizations will be actively engaged in technological forecasting. Automation and information technology will assume new proportions as discussed below: (a) Automation. Automation has created several problems. Jobs have become routinized and unchallenging. Introduction of industrial robots has created a feeling of job insecurity among workers. Once industrial robots take over from workers, the primary task of the workers would be to set up production runs, to program the robots and to run them under computer control. Thus, future organizations will have highly automated man-machine systems. (b) Information Technology. There will be remarkable impact of computerized information systems on management. Firstly, there will be Use of electronic equipment to collect and process data. Secondly, Computers will help application of quantitative techniques to management Problems. Thirdly, there will be simulation of higher order thinking though computer programmers. Thus, improved and innovative use of information technology would be an essential factor in future management. In view of the fact that information technology will challenge many long-established practices and doctrines, we will need to rethink some of the attitudes and Values which we have taken for granted. In particular. we may have to reappraise our traditional notions about the worth of the individual as opposed to the organization and about the mobility rights of young men. This kind of inquiry may be painfully difficult, but will be increasingly necessary. †It may be noted that technological changes are not an independent force. They overlap the social changes . nd affect the organization relationships. For instance, improved technology would reduce total employment which will create social reactions. Further, the efficiency of managerial personnel and professionals like doctors, chartered accountants, engineers, etc. would increase considerably because of advancements in technology. 4. Changes in Physical Environment. Protection of ecology and maintenance of ecological balance has become a major issue these days. This is evident from the rise of several social groups against felling of trees for commercial use (chipko movement) and air, water and noise pollution. The society will no longer tolerate environmental pollution. The typical examples are: closure of several tannery units in Kanpur by the Supreme Court as they were polluting the Holy Ganga and closure of several foundries around Taj Mahal by the Supreme Court as they were polluting the air leading to adverse effect on the whiteness of the national monument. The country cannot allow tragedies like Bhopal Gas Leak Case, 1984 at Union Carbide to occur again. The growing awareness of the people about environment will pose problems before the managers. They will have to study the adverse effects of business operations on the environment and take suitable steps to check all kinds of pollution. Thus, there will be greater emphasis on the development of technology for pollution control and environmental restoration. 5. Changes in Political Environment. There will be greater Government’s interference in business to safeguard the interest of workers, consumers and the public at large. Government’s participation will also pose many challenges before management. The Government may restrict the scope of private sector in certain areas. It does not mean chances of co-operation between the Government and private sector are ruled out. In fact, there will be more and more joint sector enterprises. The fear of nationalization of the mismanaged units will continue. Financial institutions will not be silent spectators; they will take active part in the policy formulation of the firms whom they have advanced funds. 6. Changes in International Environment. Several changes are taking place in the international environment which may have adverse or favorable impact on a particular business. For example, the disintegration of U. S. S. R. aused great miseries for the Indian exporters in the early nineties. Not only their investment was blocked, further exports were also hindered. This compelled the Indian businessmen to explore new export markets. The managements will have to be alert in future to meet the challenges posed by international forces Because of liberalization of industrial licensing by developing nations and reduct ion of economic barriers between nations as a result of GAIT agreement 1993; several changes seem to be imminent in the near future. Multilateral trade among the nations will increase. The role of World Trade Organisation1 I. M. F. , World Bank and other international institutions will change and a new economic order will take place leading to globalization of economies. EMERGING HORIZONS OF MANAGEMENT (Challenges before Future Managers) The changing environment of business is likely to pose the following challenges before the future managers: 1. Reconciliation of Conflicting Demands of Social Groups The organizations are expected to reconcile the conflicting demands of various stakeholders such as owners, employees, suppliers, customers, government and the community. The shareholders or owners of the business want the highest possible return, the workers the highest possible†¢ wages, the consumers the goods at the lowest possible price and the Government wants the highest possible revenue. It would be the duty of management to bring about a compromise among the interests of various parties. The business managers will also have to take care of the expectations of the society such as higher quality, fair trade practices, maintenance of physical environment, etc. If they fail to meet the needs and expectations of the society, it will be rendered difficult for them to survive. The managements of organizations will also have to give due consideration to the human resources working with them. They will have to change their policies to give the workers a greater say an influence in organizational functioning. Latent human capability is the most valuable resource of the organization much more important than physical and financial resources. Increasingly, management will emphasize the importance of human resources and recognize that maintaining a viable psycho-social system is one of its most vital tasks. In other words, the organizations will have to decentralize authority, introduce flexibility in the structure and give sufficient freedom to individuals to take decisions to meet the social, economic and technological challenges successfully. 2. Economic Liberalization The liberalization of the Indian economy has posed the following challenges for the managers : (a) Competition in the fast growing domestic market. Diversification into the core and infrastructure sectorsâ€â€power, telecoms, roads, ports, insurance, etc. hich was earlier reserved for the public sector (c) Raising India’s exports and share of the world trade. (d) Achieving the vision of becoming India-based Multinational Corporation. 3. Globalization The world has become a small village, thanks to the rapid means of transportation and telecommunications. Satellite transmission has widened the geographical markets. The countries have become interdependent, in terms of technology, capital, purchases and sales. Global, companies buy from the cheapest markets and sell where they can get maximum prices. They carry on production in the country where cost of production is the minimum. In other words, globalization calls for reduction of costs, improvement of quality, expansion of markets and diversification into new areas and markets. Indian companies use not only imported components, but are also selling their finished products to markets abroad. To take advantage of global markets, Indian companies are making strategic alliances with foreign companies. We have Mod i-Xerox, HPL-Olivetti, ICIM-Fuji, Kinetic Honda, etc. Global networking of suppliers, distributors, technical collaborators, ad agencies, etc. is being created. The most successful companies will rely more and more on global integration and networking. 4. Expanding Operations of Business Organizations The changes in environment and technologies during the last four decades have compelled organizations to increase their scope and encompass additional activities. The development of big industrial houses with activities in a wide variety of industri4l fields is a typical example of such expansion of activities of organizations. Industrial giants have accumulated vast financial resources and spread their risks),y branching out into different areas of economic activity. To cope with the changing requirements, such organizations have developed new organizational structure with focus on planning, control and coordination. The managerial systems of these companies are substantially more flexible and dynamic than of the simplified single-product companies. Another facet of expanding frontiers of organizational activities is the spread of corporations outside the national boundaries. These corporations are known as multinational or transnational corporations.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Free Essays on Greek Play
A Greek’s Talent To be a writer is no easy task. Writing takes a lot of time and creativity. Even for someone to sit down and write, they never compose a masterpiece right from the start. Yet when you look at the Greek classics, you are mesmerized by the author’s ability to make it look so easy. It looks as if they were able to compose literary classics overnight. As if their mind never stops to pause but keeps on creating. Sophocles has it and Aristophanes has it, though both had it on different plans of writing Greeks literary masterpieces. To be a writer of Greek stories, plays you cannot lack, cannot be a second rate writer. Now a-days the entertainment business puts out anything; B-rated movies get produced and showed every week it seems. In Ancient Greeks B-rated plays would never get put on the stage, it would be sacrilegious to deem such a suggestion. If you did not have a top-notch play then your story did not reach the theater. If you did not win a bard you were seen as any thing but great, and anything less than great did not cut it. Greek writers of tragedy and comedy paved the road of greatness that is used down through the ages from such writers as Shakespeare. It takes talent to write such works of art; in this paper you are going to see two great authors contrive two great aspects of Greek writings; characteristics of a Greek tragedy featured in Sophocles Oedipus the King, and a Greek Comedy shown in Aristophanes’ Lysistrata.... Free Essays on Greek Play Free Essays on Greek Play A Greek’s Talent To be a writer is no easy task. Writing takes a lot of time and creativity. Even for someone to sit down and write, they never compose a masterpiece right from the start. Yet when you look at the Greek classics, you are mesmerized by the author’s ability to make it look so easy. It looks as if they were able to compose literary classics overnight. As if their mind never stops to pause but keeps on creating. Sophocles has it and Aristophanes has it, though both had it on different plans of writing Greeks literary masterpieces. To be a writer of Greek stories, plays you cannot lack, cannot be a second rate writer. Now a-days the entertainment business puts out anything; B-rated movies get produced and showed every week it seems. In Ancient Greeks B-rated plays would never get put on the stage, it would be sacrilegious to deem such a suggestion. If you did not have a top-notch play then your story did not reach the theater. If you did not win a bard you were seen as any thing but great, and anything less than great did not cut it. Greek writers of tragedy and comedy paved the road of greatness that is used down through the ages from such writers as Shakespeare. It takes talent to write such works of art; in this paper you are going to see two great authors contrive two great aspects of Greek writings; characteristics of a Greek tragedy featured in Sophocles Oedipus the King, and a Greek Comedy shown in Aristophanes’ Lysistrata....
Monday, October 21, 2019
Business plan for an Online Art Gallery The WritePass Journal
Business plan for an Online Art Gallery Task 1 Business plan for an Online Art Gallery Task 1Task 2Project plan for the site development:Task 3Market Analysis:Target Market: The Competition for the art gallery:Marketing Plan for the art gallery:Meeting Customer Needs:Quality vs. Quantity of the art gallery:Buying policy of the art gallery:Payment methods not allowed on the art gallery site:Promotional activities for the art gallery:Market segmentation for the art gallery:Task 41. The returns policy that will apply for the art gallery is given below:2. The regions and/or the countries that the gallery will deliver to;3. What the cost of deliveries will be:Task 5PresentationTask 6Task 71. Buyer Protection for the art gallery2. Buyer eligibility and other restrictions3. Fraudulent charges not coveredPayment methods not allowed on eBay:Reference:Related Task 1 You need to do some research to familiarise yourself with the subject area and to gain some ideas about how you can carry out the rest of the project. There are a number of websites that specialise in the sale of paintings and craft items. Use a maximum of 1 hour to review these resources. Bookmark the relevant sites and make notes of information that you can use in your assignment. Business Plan for the Online Art Gallery starts in the internet. Art gallery business is no different business than the other business that happens in the internet. Now a day various established galleries have adapted to this internet medium and number of  new business are rapidly developed across world in the internet business. Internet has opened the art business as various major barriers are demolished –distance area and limitation of demand and wants choices by the customer. In past if someone has to buy art material they have to reach to the place where that particular art is located and second thing is there was limitation of choices. lot of time and traveling expenses also beard by the customer .Now if any one like to purchase an European painting they are not failed by choices nor have to go to Europe. The rapid growth level of prosperity in the foreign countries has also given a dimension to the art industry across the world, as more and more people now a day c an afford to collect of their prospective and desired products within a short time period if the place of the produced product not in their country boundary. For an example10000 people  of America can seeing and buying paintings, drawing, prints, sculptures and photographs by artists of almost all periods from the  organized exhibition by the Art gallery situated in the USA. Various Artists are now look for avenues on internet to sell their products and try to get benefit than the analog system of buying and selling the product. Though every artist has no personal website as selling their product to customers is one of the lacings of online marketing. The online site of art gallery will provide a instant platform for artists and will help in selling their product. Task 2 Produce a project plan for the way you intend to complete the rest of this assignment. For planning, use the timescale you have been allocated for this assignment i.e. from the date you start to the date you submit your assignment. Submit a copy of your plan to your tutor BEFORE you proceed further with the assignment. Project plan for the site development: The site development procedure start from the 11th July and the completion date possibly 2 month later from the starting date. The project plan include the resource allocation for the site development, feasibility study for the market, marketing strategy development and implementation, action plan for the project, termination of the project, project funding etc. Gant chart of the project: Particular 10 days 10 days 10 days 10 days 10 days 10 days feasibility study site development Marketing strategy development action plan the project termination project funding Task 3 Marketing plans are detailed strategies of how to go about successfully marketing a product or products and earning a projected amount of return from the effort. A comprehensive marketing plan will consider such important elements as distribution costs, production costs, advertising expenses and any expense related to identifying and marketing the products to the consumers in the targeted markets. The marketing plan may focus on strategies related to the upcoming twelve-month period, the next calendar year, or include a span of three to five years into the future. The art gallery currently takes a commission of 30% on the price of each painting that they sell and, on average, sells between 6 to 8 paintings by each artist per month. The owner believes that it will be possible to set up similar commission deals with the craftspeople. The possible marketing plan for the project of the art gallery: Products and Services for the art gallery: The existing products for the art gallery are given below: Pottery; Wood sculptures; Glassware; Jewellery. Market Analysis: The market analysis explains the market situation and the opportunity and the threat of the market. It is one of the parts of industry analysis and this also the global environmental analysis for market. Through this market analyses the company or marketers can understand the chances, strengths, weaknesses and risks. The art gallery on the online is huge demand to the customer in the local as well as the worldwide. The online art gallery market is expanding day by day. The owner of the art gallery understand the situation by market analysis.by severing different site and the customer they realize that the customer wants to buy this kind of product that they provide in the art gallery. If they launch the online art gallery the local people and the global people can buy their product easily. But they have to consult with online art gallery and develop an effective site where the customer can sell and buy their product. This product has huge demand in the local market and also in the European market as well as global. Target Market: The art gallery provides Pottery; Wood sculptures; Glassware; Jewellery to the customers.so the potential customer are available mainly artist, art loving people, and all kinds and all level of people who want to but this product. The Jewellery customers mainly are the female person. The Competition for the art gallery: There are many established online gallery in the market .so the new market entrance the gallery should follow the strategy to market growth and expansion policy. The main competitors of this gallery are E-bay, Picasa, slideshow, picture gallery, global art gallery, and so on. Marketing Plan for the art gallery: The art gallery currently takes a commission of 30% on the price of each painting that they sell and, on average, sells between 6 to 8 paintings by each artist per month. The owner believes that it will be possible to set up similar commission deals with the craftspeople. Meeting Customer Needs: Our customers require fresh Pottery, Wood sculptures, Glassware, Jewellery. The system for establishing customer needs is based on the product offering of our competitors. Pottery; Wood sculptures; Glassware; Jewellery demand in the market is huge and the customer may purchase from the site if the site is launched .the site develop such a way that meet the all demand of the customer. The site develops such a way that product quality and quantity is mentioned in the site. The owner of the gallery tries to meet the customer demand in high quality and provide the mentioned demand from the customer. Quality vs. Quantity of the art gallery: the existing artist sells between 6 to 8 paintings per month. If the online art gallery is established then it would be possible to sell at least 30 painting for each artist per month initially. The art gallery site visitors make choice the art paints and the quantities of the product may increase to the site .there are 30 artists make the painting at about 1000 paintings including oil paintings and  sculptures; Glassware; Jewellery products at about 1500 made by the 40 artist in this gallery.so product quality and quantity of this art gallery is satisfactory for the launching the online art gallery. Buying policy of the art gallery: The art gallery if launch the site the possible payment methods listed below: By PayPal By ProPay By Moneybookers By Paymate By Credit card or debit card Payment methods not allowed on the art gallery site: In this site buyers can’t ask to sellers to the following things.it is the payment method of the art gallery.so their specific system of payment system To Send cash through the mail is not applicable To  Send cash or money orders through instant, point-to-point cash transfer services (that are not banks) such as Western Union or MoneyGram To Mail checks or money orders (except for items in categories specifically permitted in the local and specific bank) To Pay through bank-to-bank transfers (except for items in categories specifically permitted in the local and specific bank) To Pay by topping off a sellers prepaid credit or debit card To Pay using online or other payment methods not specifically permitted in this policy Promotional activities for the art gallery: the art gallery’s possible promotion al activities includes the advertising on the social network site life Facebook, Ayol, yahoo messenger, Google talk, Skype and so other site .some exhibition may arrange for the customer attraction to the product. Some completion may arrange for the customer in the online and gift them luxurious product. Potential domain names the potential domain name is the big factor to attract the people on the site .so the assistant of the site proposed the tree domain name for the site those are given below: global art gallery Vinci art gallery world art gallery Advertising and other r promotional cost for the site development: The art gallery estimate that the cost of the site development and advertising and other promotional activities. The competition of the various social site and gift given by the art gallery is about monthly cost $50.the advertising cost will be estimated at about $100.promotional activities of the art gallery cost will be the $50. Market segmentation for the art gallery: The art gallery segments the market in different areas such as the local area, global area, sub-local area and far area. The local areas segmented by the owner for the ease of the marketing delivery. Distribution channel of the art gallery globally segmented for the ease of the delivery. The main areas of the art gallery are given below: Georgia, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, American Samoa, Cook Islands, and Mexico. Task 4 Produce a draft of a Delivery and Returns Policy that could be included on the e-commerce site. In particular the policy should address the following issues: 1. The returns policy that will apply for the art gallery is given below: Item must be returned within Refund will be given as Return policy details 14 days after the buyer receives the products they delivered to the customer. Exchange 14 days warranty from the received date will applicable. Buyers are responsible for the returning shipping costs under any circumstances. Return items should include the original packaging and accessories. Refund occurs only when item is lost by the shipping company. Maximum refund amount will be the selling price; shipping cost will not be refund since it has been delivered. 2. The regions and/or the countries that the gallery will deliver to; Name of the worldwide country that the gallery want to deliver their product: The art gallery segments the market in different areas such as the local area, global area, sub-local area and far area. The local areas segmented by the owner for the ease of the marketing delivery. Distribution channel of the art gallery globally segmented for the ease of the delivery. The main areas of the art gallery are given below: Georgia, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, American Samoa, Cook Islands, and Mexico. 3. What the cost of deliveries will be: The local delivery cost will about the product basis. And the quantity of the product differ the cost. The other country that the gallery wish to deliver the product also mention in the site by shipping cost and airline cost for the quick delivery. Task 5 Presentation Task 6 Produce a list of ten key questions to ask prospective e-commerce suppliers, who will be required to design, develop and host the new e-commerce site on behalf of the gallery owner. The questions should seek to establish that the successful company has the necessary skills, expertise and track record to ensure that they are capable of providing a high quality level of service. list of ten key questions to ask prospective e-commerce suppliers, who will be required to design, develop and host the new e-commerce site on behalf of the gallery owner. Q-1: What are the products graphics tools used in the site that related toll the customers need and wants. Q-2: what is the time line of the developing the site Q-3: what are the key material for the picture and other product photography? Q-4: is there any interaction to the site developer to the artist to manage attractive deign of the site? Q-5: what amount of money taken by the site developers? Q-6: how the customers of the art gallery access the site? Q-7: is there any privacy policy include the owner of the art gallery? Q-8: should the copyright information needed to the site developer? Q-19: what category and quality of the product should be maintained for competition in the market? Q-10: is there any improvement needed to the existing product? Task 7 Put together a briefing report of no more than 600 words that summarises three of the major types of auctions that can be held, together with the main advantages and disadvantages of each. The note should also include your recommendation on the type of auction that should be used as part of the e-commerce site if the gallery owner decides to go-ahead with this opportunity. There are three major types of auctions that can be held for the art gallery and those are given below: 1. Buyer Protection for the art gallery The art gallery makes sure that resolution process when buyers claim to sellers that their item was not received or the item they received was different from what was described in the listing. Help buyers and sellers resolve disputes in fewer steps, and provide buyers with a more familiar ecommerce resolution experience. Offer an option to contact the art gallery if buyers and sellers cant reach resolution themselves. They take a more active role in ensuring transaction problems are resolved. Someone may ask to help sending or paying for an item and they are not able to. The art gallery doesnt have the items that are sold on the site. They can ask a seller to send an item, or a buyer to pay for an item, but the art gallery cant send the item to the buyer or pay the seller. When a buyer or seller doesnt complete an obligation, they take it seriously and we may limit or suspend their account privileges. They work to make sure that members on the art gallery are honest and fair. 2. Buyer eligibility and other restrictions Buyers who have purchased items on the art gallery site are eligible for the Buyer Protection Policy. Buyers who file a case through the art gallery Buyer Protection, but who did not purchase an item on the art gallery, will be redirected to the existing resolution process for the site they used, if any Sellers will use the resolution process initiated by the buyer. Resolution responsibilities and protections are outlined on the site of registration. 3. Fraudulent charges not covered The Fraudulent charges to a credit card or a PayPal account are not covered by the art gallery Protection Policy. If notice any charge on the customers PayPal account that did not authorize, report should be in the PayPal Security Center. Fraudulent charges made through the credit card should be resolved with the credit card company. Payment methods not allowed on eBay: In this site buyers can’t ask to sellers to the following things.it is the payment method of the art gallery.so their specific system of payment system To Send cash through the mail is not applicable To Send cash or money orders through instant, point-to-point cash transfer services (that are not banks) such as Western Union or MoneyGram To Mail checks or money orders (except for items in categories specifically permitted in the local and specific bank) To Pay through bank-to-bank transfers (except for items in categories specifically permitted in the local and specific bank) To Pay by topping off a sellers prepaid credit or debit card To Pay using online or other payment methods not specifically permitted in this policy Reference: http://portal.ebay.eu/msn-UK/  viewed on 24th June,2011 http://pages.ebay.com/securitycenter/index.html analysed on 24th June,2011 http://pages.ebay.com/aboutebay/thecompany/companyoverview.html analysed on 25th June,2011 ebayonlocation.com/ analysed on 26th June,2011 randomthink.net/misc/ebay/ analysed on 27th June,2011 kiwipainting.co.nz/ analysed on 21th June,2011 net-art.it/artyou/home-e.shtml viewed on 24th June,2011 mynewsletterbuilder.com/email-marketing/art-gallery viewed on 28th June,2011 http://artmarketingsecrets.com/2009/05/how-to-attract-galleries-to-your-art-website-part-5.html viewed on 22th June,2011 net-profit-marketing.com/marketing-online-art-gallery.html viewed on 29th June,2011 thesugarhousegallery.com/art-gallery-marketing-strategy/ analysed on 24th June,2011 http://artistmarketingsalon.wordpress.com/nyc-gallery-list/ analysed on 22th June,2011
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Overloading in C, C++ and C# Definition
Overloading in C, C++ and C# Definition Function overloading allows functions in computer languages such as C, C, and C# to have the same name with different parameters. Operator overloading allows operators to work in the same manner. In C#, method overloading works with two methods that accomplish the same thing but have different types or numbers of parameters. An Example of Function Overloading Rather than have a differently named function to sort each type of array, such as: You can use the same name with different parameter types as shown here: The compiler is then able to call the appropriate function depending on the parameter type. Overload resolution is the term given to the process of selecting the appropriate overload function. Operator Overloading Similar to function overloading, operator overloading allows programmers to redefine operators such as , - and *. For example, in a class for complex numbers where each number has a real and imaginary part, overloaded operators allow code such as this to work: As long as is overloaded for the type complex. Advantages of Overloading When Writing Code You end up with code that is easier to readOverloading is convenient and intuitiveAvoids clunky syntax Consistency in naming and notationWorks well in templates and other constructs when you dont know the variable type at the time you are writing the code.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Levandary cafe case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Levandary cafe - Case Study Example This was mainly in terms of design of the store as well as menu selection. Because of this, it is paramount for Foster to get more involved in the China’s business and strategic plan for effective adoption and ensure expansion in this region. Louis Chen is a self-driven CEO in charge of lavendary China but he faces immense resistance and negative attitude towards both the firm’s planning and reporting processes. This has yielded too many concerns among the Lavendary management thus there is a need for Foster to travel to China. This is to address varied and emerging management issues cited above. Mia Foster can opt to hire an international financial analyst for the Denver team- This is important though expensive to enable the use of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Hence, ensure the sustainability of the china business as it grows. Reduce the freedom given to Louis Chen through obtaining more information about the China operations and involving the home office in these operations. In addition, the Involvement of Mia foster in the china business plan will help in ensuring that Chen does not go too offline with his agendas. My recommendation encompasses reducing the extra freedom given to Louis Chen that he acquired from Howard. This will allow the management in the US to be involved in all the discussion concerning the China operations. This way, Chen cannot work on his authority alone and hence major design and menu selection alterations can only be approved by the management in the US. The management can also easily compel Chen’s team to use the standard reporting procedures used in the US. If this happens, a lot of costs will be reduced. Using the accepted standards will also make the audit much easier hence enhancing the business integrity. Critics may argue that cutting down the freedom of Louis Chen is not
Friday, October 18, 2019
Looking deeper into the educational success of Korea Essay
Looking deeper into the educational success of Korea - Essay Example Learning has always been valued through the ages. Even from the start of documented history, learning has been shown to be a part of the people’s way of life. There are several means of learning which have been established and improved through the years For instance, it is evident that during the early years, education often started from the family wherein both parents stood as the teachers. Children were often taught about ethical values and skills to help them survive when they need to be independent. As the years passed and many intriguing things about the world challenged people to learn more about their environment, a more adequate design of learning were created. People sought tutors who were thinkers or philosophers, often on a one on one basis. This allowed only a few to avail of such prestigious privileges, often by the rich who were able to pay the fees and allow their children to indulge and concentrate in educating themselves instead of helping with the household c hores or other immediately profitable activities. Eventually, as the value of education was recognized by the common people, education evolved to cater to more students in one setting, making learning more affordable. Today, learning is like an ordinary thing. Sometimes, children do not seem to understand the value of education anymore. They tend to go to school with the idea that it is a common practice and they would become a byword if they do not do as other children do. Learning has become available to everyone and become a common thing to most Americans that its importance seems to have been diminished. However, in places where learning is still considered a precious commodity, children seem to understand the reason for their education more than others do so that learning becomes a challenge to them a means to better their lives, making them more focused and purposeful in going to school. Consequently, they show better performances than other children. In an article written by Nicholas Kristof entitled China’s Winning Schools? (nytimes.com), the author acknowledges the Confucian influence to have played a great role in making China take the top place of best performing students in math, science and reading among sixty five countries. Jeong Kyu-Lee seems to agree with the writer. One of the Confucian thoughts the latter mentioned is its ideologies on leadership such as â€Å"To govern is to correct. If you set an example by being correct, who would dare to remain incorrect?†(Lee). This thought provokes more learning from the people. In a world where people all seem to be acting in correct manners so that they are succeeding and becoming famous, indeed, who would want to left behind and remain uneducated, ignorant and poor? Another ideal from the Confucian thought which made an impact in the lives of the Chinese and Koreans in relation to learning is â€Å"If a man manages to make himself correct, what difficulty will there be for him to tak e part in government? If he cannot make himself correct, what business has he with making others correct?†(Lee). With such a concept, people have come to understand that leadership is not just given to rich and powerful people. It is also available to poor people who are able to correct themselves. Of course, the means to such objective would be learning. This is perhaps one of the reasons why the Chinese who hold to Confucian disciplines value education so much so that they have topped other countries in the aforementioned studies. Discipline is one of the Confucian values that make Asians perform well. the quotations above show first and foremost the importance of a disciplined man. A man correcting himself shows that he is not just learned, informed or knowledgeable but he is able to apply the things he learns to himself first and to others, second. A man may be learned but it does not always guarantee him to be able to correct himself. It takes discipline for a man to do the right thing of examining
Middle Class Societies Of America And England Essay
Middle Class Societies Of America And England - Essay Example Therefore Roosevelt became the first president to support the labor and assigned the government a direct role and duty to all the people. The new women's colleges were opened and there the female reformers were educated. These females who were white middle class young women handled the "problem " of Immigrant, who constituted "dark skinned" Italians, peasant Jews and immigrants from southeastern Europe. The middle class women were barred to possess the professional educational qualifications pursue Consumer's League, and "Americanizing" centers known as settlement houses. These organizations targeted to wipe off the corruption and vice bred by the men their career. So, the women formed into groups and had built themselves as associations to take active part in the public life. Some of the associations are Women's Trade Union League, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and the National. The women succeeded in their campaign to get the right to vote. But their battle of suffrage lasted for as long as from 1848 to 1920, in the year 1920 nineteenth amendment granted 26 million women, half of the nations population, the right to vote. The Fourteenth Amendment sanctioned the citizenship to the blacks. The Civil Rights Law of the 1960s was stepping stone for those who fought for America's promise of equal rights for all. The movement of women, for suffrage began at Seneca Falls. The American Society challenged severely the efforts of women that they cannot cross the threshold of men. But as the situation prolonged, the women got educated, and their movement turned out to be a respectable one. By 1910, the movement developed into a mass movement. In England too it was the same condition, the women were aggressive to sweep out their miseries and were carrying their movement for fundamental rights. In both the nations, by 1919, the Amendment Act was passed for women granting their right to vote. Detroit, the city was known as the "arsenal of Democracy" during the Second World War. The city of Detroit required a large number of labor who came from Africa. They were not given accommodation and like this the riots erupted which turned to be the bloodiest in the history of he nation. This racial conflict has begun very long past in 1863 and lasted till 1941. The racial riots have a long history in Detroit. There were about 200,000 black labors, constricted to sixty square blocks and compelled to live under dreadful sanitary conditions. Awfully the place was named as Paradise Valley while it was a hell for the inhabitants. There was an integrated amusement park. It was known as Belle Isle. This was the place where the Detroit riots began at this particular spot. The rumors still aggravated the situation and mainly because of the police sergeant spread some rumors regarding a women and her baby over the Belle Isle bridge, the black retaliated, looted, destroyed white owned stores, white skinned people were attacked without discrimination. Similar way white also retaliated in the same way. The situation continued without any holds, Detroit became practically a hellhole until Mayor Edward J. Jeffries called more than six thousand federal army troops was stationed throughout the Detroit city. Practically Detroit city was shutdown, streets deserted, schools deserted, no
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Tax Refund for Nonresident Aliens Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Tax Refund for Nonresident Aliens - Case Study Example Very few are aware that they are overpaying the taxes. Credits and deductions that they are eligible for either under a bipartite international treaty or under US laws are not being properly utilized. The main reason is their limited understanding regarding US tax laws and secondly, many of them do not file the returns. No filing of the returns means no possibility of any refunds. The endeavour has been to understand these complexities, which has piled up unclaimed overpaid taxes with IRS. It would be appropriate to note that in view of the vastness of the subject effort has been put toward depicting the main issues in a generalized way rather than any specifics to the issue involved. Dates of Co-op Assignment: August 30 -December 9, 2010 On interaction with many non-resident aliens, I came to know that many of them were not very clear on the various tax-related matter, on personal income taxes. They belonged to the varied nationalities. They were not aware of some important US tax requirements. At times, they do not file tax returns or filed them incorrectly, which results in a lot of overpaid tax and the substantial amount goes unclaimed in the refund. †¢ Those people who have come under non-resident visa (J, F, Q or M category) in the US they are statutorily required to file a 1040NR Tax Return in physical form. These are known as US non-resident income tax return. They cannot file e-return or online returns. H1B visa falls in the category of non-immigrant visa. If H1B visa holder is recognized as Resident alien then he is required to file the tax return like any other US citizen, otherwise, they are required to file 1040NR tax return form only. It has been found that most nonresidents miss to file a return or file it incorrectly. It has been further noted that there is a large amount of unclaimed taxes by nonresidents who refrain from filing tax returns. They are under the impression that since the employer has withheld tax amount their obligations are over and they are not aware that they have paid more than what is required by the law. Â
Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11
Review - Article Example g tool of promotion, but it has provided a wide platform of online market between the consumers and sellers in selling and purchasing of goods and services. Unfortunately, with infinite quantities of information being published on the internet, the protection of intellectual property rights has been introduced in order to protect various brands and products from unscrupulous vendors. Notably, the countries around the world have been striving to best utilize the technological advancement. Among these countries, Canada has efficiently been able to take benefits of e-business, as the country is witnessing an increasing trend of business transaction based on electronic links and data exchange between the sellers and the customers. Accordingly, it was reported by Statistics Canada in its ‘Internet use survey’ that the people of Canada are making greater and more diverse use of the internet and in 2010 nearly 79 percent of the Canadian household had internet access, while 81 p ercent in metropolitan and 71 percent in rural areas possessed internet access (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, â€Å"Intellectual Property and E-Commerce†), Intellectual property includes creation of mind such as names, symbols and designs that are used in e-business or in general commercial activities as well as artistic works. There has been a number of Acts being enacted to protect these e-business intellectual property including the patent rights, Trade Marks Act, Industrial Design Act, and Copyright Act among others. These require the inventor to register patents, symbols, designs, music and artistic work with respective Acts or the agencies dealing with such activities. Any infringement relating to intellectual property permits the licensers and the licensees to sue against the third party under the Canadian intellectual property rights (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, â€Å"Intellectual Property and E-Commerce†), Privacy is a major issue which is concerned with the
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Into Thin Air Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Into Thin Air - Essay Example From this standpoint, Mount Everest as conquered by him belongs to him exclusively, and each step of the conquest is his special property. I give full marks to him for his creditability as a reporter, writer and a journalist. He is all these three molded into one. For producing such a book he has done lots of research, which is the hallmark of a good reporter and journalist, and he writes well and evokes intense curiosity with the reader about his adventurous journey. Those who know about Mount Everest expeditions also know that descent is more difficult than the ascent. On May 10, 1996 Krakauer was on the top of the world having reached the summit at 29,028 ft. He was the conqueror. He could not celebrate his pride and satisfaction for long; he was not at the cricket ground at Lords or in the Disneyland. He was on the edgy summit, where each moment’s delay in the ascent invited perils. The well-studied Krakauer was fully aware of the situation. Reaching the top is a great emo tional experience. For Krakauer, it was the realization of a childhood dream. Each step or each breath at such a height is life or death situation, which has zero tolerance for mistakes. If you are the leader and the decision-making authority of the expedition, you owe responsibility to the lives of the members involved in the adventure, apart from your own precious life. As Krakauer began the descent, a severe storm was forming and he had not slept for the last fifty-two hours. He felt so weak; he rested after each step to recoup the energy. He had missed the turnaround time for the descent, as the ambition to conquer the summit was too strong with him and with other members of the expedition. This is a good adventure book and a true story. The details of the expeditions, the trials and tribulations have been given in detail and are helpful for a research student, as well for an aspiring mountaineer. The detailed background information is immensely useful, as it introduces the char acters of the expedition, like the importance of the experienced guides to the inexperienced but ambitious climbers. Mountaineering expeditions have strange combinations. Certainly Krakauer’s expedition was one of them. Summit of Mount Everest is a terrible attraction. So far so good, if all goes well. But when tragedies strike expeditions and valuable lives are lost, the decision makers are questioned. Serious doubts arise in the minds of the family members why the dying man was not saved. The leader of the team is grilled and asked inconvenient questions. In all fairness, no leader would want any member of his team be buried in the snow. As stated above, when more than one individual write their experiences and books are published, there are bound to be differences of opinions and controversies. Anatoli Boukreev’s version of the expedition, especially relating to saving members of the expedition, varies with that of Krakauer. Krakauaer may be less daring and might no t have exhibited the same courage in taking the risk to save the life of fellow-mountaineers. But no one can pass summary judgment that Krakauer did not live up to the situation. Remember, each step at that perilous weather at such a height, is a step between life and death. He has his own limitations as a mountaineer and has to take into account his own
Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11
Review - Article Example g tool of promotion, but it has provided a wide platform of online market between the consumers and sellers in selling and purchasing of goods and services. Unfortunately, with infinite quantities of information being published on the internet, the protection of intellectual property rights has been introduced in order to protect various brands and products from unscrupulous vendors. Notably, the countries around the world have been striving to best utilize the technological advancement. Among these countries, Canada has efficiently been able to take benefits of e-business, as the country is witnessing an increasing trend of business transaction based on electronic links and data exchange between the sellers and the customers. Accordingly, it was reported by Statistics Canada in its ‘Internet use survey’ that the people of Canada are making greater and more diverse use of the internet and in 2010 nearly 79 percent of the Canadian household had internet access, while 81 p ercent in metropolitan and 71 percent in rural areas possessed internet access (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, â€Å"Intellectual Property and E-Commerce†), Intellectual property includes creation of mind such as names, symbols and designs that are used in e-business or in general commercial activities as well as artistic works. There has been a number of Acts being enacted to protect these e-business intellectual property including the patent rights, Trade Marks Act, Industrial Design Act, and Copyright Act among others. These require the inventor to register patents, symbols, designs, music and artistic work with respective Acts or the agencies dealing with such activities. Any infringement relating to intellectual property permits the licensers and the licensees to sue against the third party under the Canadian intellectual property rights (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, â€Å"Intellectual Property and E-Commerce†), Privacy is a major issue which is concerned with the
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Baz Luhrmanns Essay Example for Free
Baz Luhrmanns Essay How does Baz Luhrmanns film adaptation of Romeo and Juliet visually highlight Shakespeares rich language and imagery? Shakespeares use of language reflects the theatre of his day. There were no elaborate set designs, costumes, lighting or sound effects and there were also only a small number of actors playing many different parts. This could get confusing and therefore the language and imagery had to do all the work for the audience, as the words were the only tools available to help them imagine the scenes vividly. In the prologue of Romeo and Juliet, line number twelve; Is now the two hours traffic of our stage and the very last words; our toil shall strive to mend, have significant meaning. These sentences, spoken by the chorus, highlight to the audience the key plot elements to come. It gives the audience an idea of what they are about to watch or read and makes the ensuing action more intelligible. This dramatic convention therefore acts almost like a movie trailer. In Baz Luhrmanns film adaptation of the play, the prologue begins with a long shot of a television (within a television), with a reporter speaking to us from inside of it. Behind the reporters left shoulder are the words star-crossed lovers and a symbol of a broken ring. This, in the first minute of the play, already introduces us to the fact that Romeo and Juliet are star-crossed lovers, which is a major theme throughout the entire play. The news reporter then delivers the whole prologue from beginning to end, before the camera zooms further and further in until the point of extreme close up, at which point the prologue changes. This is how Baz Luhrmann achieves a similar effect to Shakespeares dramatic use of the prologue. By doing this, it is almost as if we are entering the movie and if you do not wish to go in then it is your choice not to continue watching. In the second sentence of the prologue, In fair Verona (where we lay our scene), Shakespeare carefully uses the positive modifier fair to describe the city. This emphasizes the fact that Verona is closely associated with God, therefore establishing it as a peaceful, moral city. However, this is contradicted by negative modifiers in the next sentences of the prologue, which are From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. This brings in the fact that there is an old grudge between two families. However, with this grudge there is blood shed and constant fights, some of which draw in innocent civilians. In the movie this section of the prologue is shot from a fast-moving helicopter. There is an extreme long shot and an aerial view of Verona, which introduces us to the town. A statue of Jesus is shown, immediately followed by the words IN FAIR VERONA, in large, white letters. Then, for several seconds, there is jump cutting between the Jesus statue and the phrase. This is how Baz Luhrmann shows us that Verona is normally a good, religious city. This is then followed by some fast, substantial shots. We are shown two separate buildings; one which has the sign Montague at the top, and the other which has the sign Capulet on top. This introduces us to the two feuding families who are the centre of the play. In addition, a police car which says Verona Police is filmed. All of these key points visually highlight Shakespeares imagery and language. The police car is an indication of the violence to come that is caused by the feud and upsets the normal, peaceful status quo. The first six lines of the prologue are essentially the most important in establishing the plot for example lines three and four from the prologue: from ancient grudge break to new mutiny and where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. Luhrmann usually emphasises these points with newspaper headlines shown in the movie with those exact sentences on them. These lines of the prologue are also heard as the voice-over of the Friar. Jump cutting is used to move from headline to headline and the newspapers are shot in extreme close up, surrounded by flames of fire. With each sentence of the prologue that is said, an accompanying image is shown on the screen with it. These include violent images such as police cars and police helicopters. Overall, expressive lighting is used in the film, to add even greater intensity to the conflict between peace and war in Verona. This, along with words such as death, rage and blood, really start to show the dark side of the plot and ironically contrasts with Verona being described as a fair city previously. Next, line ten of the prologue, the continuance of their parents rage, establishes the fact that the grudge between the families is a long-standing ordeal. This is represented in the movie with a montage, showing the many magazines which talk about the hatred of the two families. Line five in the prologue, from forth the fatal loins of these two foes, aims to introduce the parents of Romeo and Juliet and in fact the two main characters themselves. Therefore, at this point, Baz Lurhmann shows a short clip of each significant actor in the movie. This is followed by a freeze frame on them, with the name of their character and any outstanding relationships he or she might have with other characters. The freeze frames are extremely close up on the characters faces and it sets the scene for the rest of the movie, so we know who to look out for. This is also an opportunity for Baz Luhrmann to give some limited information about the characters status. He does so by filming Montague and Capulet at a slightly lower angle than the others, making them appear more intimidating than the rest. This is how he effectively shows that they are the heads of the two households. In lines six and nine of the prologue, Shakespeare uses such phrases as star-crossed and death-marked to describe Romeo and Juliets love. First of all, love and death are oxymoronic and are not commonly found together in the same sentence. Secondly, star-crossed implies that they have no control over their love. It implies that Fate is in control and the minute they fell in love both were destined to die. In the film during this time, loud, fast and rising operatic music is played. This is incidental music significantly increases the level of tension and drama in the prologue. This is therefore appropriate for trying to emphasize the fact of the couples fated love. What Baz Luhrmann does here is basically pull the whole prologue together. Proceeding this, after the prologue has been explained, Baz Luhrmann tries to increase the level of suspense even further, to truly point out the violence and the tragic ending of the play. Therefore what he does, with the opera music still playing, is show most of the prologue on the screen in writing. Jump cutting is used between each sentence, but it is barely readable since the editing is at such a high speed, so the prologue is literally flashing before your eyes. Afterwards, Baz Luhrmann shows snippets from the entire movie to the audience. Jump cutting is used and the images flash at a very high speed before you. He goes from the end to the beginning of the movie, and what he achieves is, in a sense, a visual prologue! At the very end of the prologue, the title Romeo + Juliet comes up and the plus sign is actually made to suggest a Christian cross. This subtly reminds us of the religious side of the play. This includes the Friar, who is a religious personage, the wedding that Romeo and Juliet have and also the whole theme of destiny and some divinity or higher power looking over and controlling us in life. So in conclusion, this is how Baz Luhrmanns film adaptation of the prologue from Romeo and Juliet successfully visually highlights Shakespeares rich language and imagery. We can see how he has gone through the prologue and then fairly systematically translated its deeper meaning, in remarkably creative ways. He effectively translates all the messages of the prologue in a contemporary and entertaining context.
Monday, October 14, 2019
Factors leading to building of good working environment
Factors leading to building of good working environment As HR professionals, we know that the real strength of an organization is its people. It is the only asset which cannot be easily copied but management tend to forget that people are not robots. The management is only concern about bring down the cost rather than focusing on improving the work environment in which their employees work in. Lately especially in Mauritius with the new regulations, employees are more willing to invest in their infrastructure so as to create a safe place to work. However, just investing in infrastructure and increasing pay is not the magic elixir towards the promoting of a good working environment. There are other factors which are important and they are discussed below. Culture The culture of an organization is the typical way of doing things in the organization. It particularly relates to behavioural patterns and relationships. The culture of an organization develops over time. It is created by the people that work for the organization, that is, its workforce and managers. What the organization stands for (its values) and the dreams that it seeks to turn into reality (its vision) are fundamental in creating a dynamic culture. A high performance culture exists when everyone in the organization shares the same vision and where they trust and value each others contribution. This shared belief and behaviors will ensure that the working environment at the firm is stable and consistent. Schein gives a more precise analysis of organizational Culture based on organizational psychology Organizational Culture is: A pattern of basic assumptions Invented, discovered, or developed by a given group As it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation an integral integration That has worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore, Is to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to these problem According to Schein, there are four dimensions of culture should be present in a firm namely, company practices, company communication, physical Cultural forms and common language. According to Armstrong .M(1996), Culture management is concerned with: Culture change: the development of attitudes, benefits and values which will be congruent with the organizations mission, mission, strategies, environment and technologies. Culture reinforcement: which aims to preserve and reinforce what is good or functional about the present culture Change management: This is concerned with enabling the culture to adapt successfully to change and gaining acceptance to changes in organization, systems procedures ad methods of work. Commitment gain: commitment of members of the organization to the mission, strategies and values The aims of culture Management are to: Develop an ideology which guides management on the formulation and implementation of coherent HRM strategies and policies Create and maintain a positive climate within the organization which indicates the behavior which is expected of members of that organization in the course of their work The management of the organizations culture is a central activity for senior management with the advice and help of personnel and HR specialists in their increasingly important role as internal consultants. Culture provides a sense of direction and is an unwritten form of norms which guides the employees in their everydays work at the workplace. It is this shared belief which guides and binds each individual at the workplace so that they form part of a family. Moreover, it is this shared belief which helps to form and maintain a good working environment. Each individual is unique in his or her way. It is the employers role to provide and sustain a culture which will be beneficial for each of the firms strategic partners. An employee spends most of his time at the workplace consequently the latter should feel at ease. He should feel that he is valued and not neglected by the company. Leadership Alan keith of Genentech states that, Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. According to ken SKC Ogbonnia, effective Leadership is the ability to successfully integrate and maximize available resources within the internal and external environment for the attainment of organizational or societal goals. Good management brings about order and consistency by drawing formal plans, designing organizational structures and monitoring results against the plans. In other words, the role of management is in the area of planning, implementation and control. In contrast, leadership involves developing a vision and inspiring people to achieve that vision. This leads to Shackletons definition (1995) Leadership is the process in which an individual influences other group members towards the attainment of group or organizational goals. The modern Leaders should be more of an employee oriented rather than production oriented. The statement You manage things, you lead people from Grace Murray Hopper demonstrates the importance of the behavioural dimensions of leadership . It involves the concern that the leader has for the feelings, needs, personal interest, problems and well being of followers. This is such as employees are the human capital which contributes to the success and development of a company to a great extent. Thus, these days, companies do not see them only as factors of production from the classical perspective, but have started to value them as stakeholders and strategic partners with who long term goals are achieved together. A positive working environment is critical no matter how many employees the firm have. It is management that fosters the work atmosphere so they are responsible for conducting things in a way that helps raise peoples spirits. The statement from David J. Schawartz which states big thinkers are specialist in creating positive, forward looking, optimistic pictures in their own minds and in the minds of others is significant because people generally need some sort of challenge to motivate themselves. Effective leadership means offering people the chance to grow. The management should recognize their contribution through positive feedback and advancement to more challenging positions. Norman Allan statement Skill in the art of communication is crucial to a leaders success. He can accomplish nothing unless he can communicate effectively is indeed true since an organization will experience a good working environment only if the management and the employees are engaged in a collaborative and participation relationship. This reminds us of the statement from Mary D. Poole Leadership should be more participative than directiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.If the employees do not trust the management then this will create conflicting relationship between both parties and this is a major barrier towards the promotion of a good working environment. Thus communication is indeed a powerful tool which can align both partners towards the same goal. The leaders should do their best to create an atmosphere that is conducive to trust and provide the necessary infrastructure for the personal growth of its workforce. The leaders should do their best to create an environment where the workforce will feel at ease and can thus be more productive. The management should not forget that by creating a good working environment it will be a win situation for both the workers and the employers as this will enable the firm to be more competitive and productive. 2.3 Organisational justice Distributive justice This type of justice refers to outcomes being distributed proportional to inputs like the so-called equity principle (Adams, 1965). Outcomes in a work context might take the form of wages, social approval, job security, promotion and career opportunities, while inputs would include education, training, experience and effort. As it can be difficult to determine what constitutes an appropriate level of reward for a particular degree of input, people tend to make this judgement in relative terms, looking for a contribution-outcome ratio that is similar to that of their peers. For instance, if two employees have the same qualifications and experience but only one of them gets a promotion, the one who did not get promoted might feel that he was the victim of an unfair decision from the management. Consequently, such injustice might create a havoc in the firms working environment. Procedural justice Procedural justice is concerned with the fairness of the decision process leading to a particular outcome. It can outweigh distributive justice, in the sense that individuals might be willing to accept an unwanted outcome if they believe the decision process leading up to it was conducted according to organizational justice principles. For example, Greenberg (1994) found that smokers more strongly accepted a smoking ban at their workplace when they felt they had been given thorough information about the change of policy, in a socially sensitive manner. The same principles might apply to the hypothetical promotion scenario given above. An unpromoted worker may be placated if he is convinced that the system used to decide promotions is transparent and free from bias. Thus, if the employees trust the procedures adopted by their managers, they will readily accept them and the good working environment will be sustained at the workplace Interactional justice A third type of justice has been proposed by Bies and Moang(1986), which they call Interactional justice: the communication of fairness. This perceptive argues that people are sensitive to the quality of interpersonal treatment they receive during the enactments of organisational procedures. Researchers treated this as a third type of justice but recently researchers now treat it as one component of procedural justice. Colquitt (2001) divides interactional justice into two components: interpersonal which compasses respect and propriety and informational, which encompasses truthfulness and justification. Positive effects of organisational justice Well-designed systems that promote distributive, procedural and interactional justice profit both the individual, who will be satisfied that they have been fairly treated, and the organisation, which will maintain control over potential challenges and threats from its staff while reaping the benefits of being an employer of choice. Numerous gains can be observed. For example, Sheppard et al . (1992) state that equitable pay improves individual performance, equal treatment raises group spirit, voice creates commitment to a decision, and access creates a loyal ally (p. 102). Justice promotes positive attitudes of job satisfaction, commitment and trust, in turn breeding healthy and constructive professional and interpersonal behaviour. In particular, perceptions of procedural justice have been associated with the termed organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) that is, informal, prosocial acts that go beyond the immediate remit of the job description and encompass such outputs as cour tesy, conscientiousness, altruism and sportsmanship (Organ, 1988; Skarlicki and Latham, 1996). If employees feel that there exist organizational justice at their workplace, they will feel more secure and the wok environment will be more friendly between the management and the employees and this will drive the company towards achievement of its goals and objective. Psychological contract (PC) The long term economic health of most organization depends on the efforts of employee with the appropriate knowledge, skills and abilities. One concept that has been useful in discussing employees relationship with the organization is that of a psychological contract. Which refers to the unwritten expectation that employees and employers have about the nature of their work relationship because of the PC is individual and subjective in nature, it focuses on expectations about fairness that may be defined clearly by employees. The transformation in the PC mirrors on evolution in which organization have moved from employing individual who perform tasks. To employing individuals expected to produce results. Rather than just paying them to follow orders and put in time, increasingly employers are expecting employees to use their skills and capabilities to accomplish organizational results. Studies suggest that employees do believe in these unwritten agreement or PC and hope their employers will keep their side of the agreement. When employers do not, employees feel a minimal need to contribute to organizational productivity because they no longer trust employers. Thus, employers loyalty is necessary and it can be successfully based on a new PC with the following expectation: Employers provide employee provide Competitive compensation Contribute to performance improvement Benefits tailored to the workforce Reasonable tenure with the organization Flexibility to balance work Extra effort when needed and home life balance 2.4 Personality, Health, Work Environment, and Performance According to Schneider (1987), the people make the place, and people are attracted differentially to, differentially selected, and differentially leave organizations. Costa, McCrae, and Holland (1984) emphasized on the fact that people begin this procedure by choosing into vocations that match their behaviors. Similarity between an interviewee values and the values of interviewers and employees in organizations has been shown to result in enhanced work attitudes and improved performance after organizational entry (Judge and Cable, 1997; Chatman, 1991). Research by Cable and Judge (1994) and Judge and Cable (1997) highlighted that interviewee pro-actively prefer such organizational environments based on individual preferences, as they think that job candidates look for organizations with recognize their efforts and reward them and cultures that fit their behaviors. Of even greater significance is the prospect that the link between personality characteristics and good work environments may have an influence on performance (Hurtz and Donovan, 2000). . Training and development programs Employee training programs are an integral part of the HR vision and long term strategic objectives of an organization. Through timely and planned training programs, employees are able to develop their knowledge, skills and capabilities so as to perform assigned jobs consistently and successfully. Ultimately, carefully devised and implemented employee training programs should impact organizational competiveness, long term performance and overall productivity. (By Pallab Dutta, ehow contributor). Nowadays, when we talk of training, employees want to form part of the planning process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.preparation and agreement with the individual of a development plan including formal training and various development activitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦'(Baron and Armstrong,2005,p.25). This collaboration ensures that efficient training occurs and everyone is capable of learning more and doing better in their job ( Baron and Armstrong,2005,p.25). All employees want to work for an organization that will satisfy their need for development as all employees want to develop and acquire new skills so that they are not only efficient but also more employable. Herzberg (1973) stresses opportunities for learning as a motivation factor in a good working environment when employees are properly trained, they become empowered with the knowledge and skills to perform their job functions with confidence. In turn, they will develop a stronger sense of accomplishment, usefulness and loyalty to the organisation (Peterson). Consequently, if the management caters this need of its workforce then they will be motivated and committed. This will eventually create a good working environment since both parties will respect their promise towards each other. 2.7 Staff Empowerment Creating an environment and culture where employees feel comfortable and capable of accomplishing their finest work, is the only means that ensures these organizations are experiencing their employees peak potentials. People are empowered when they are given the authority and responsibility to make decisions affecting their work with a minimum of interference and second guessing (Maurer, 2000, p.5). Empowerment has received increased attention among scholars and practitioners at the workplace (Donovan, 1994), and an opinion regarding the numerous advantages of empowering employees is shared by both managers and employees. Empowerment has proved to influence both organizational and managerial effectiveness (Spreitzer,1995) and is recognized as a method by which managers can efficiently manage an organization in todays work environment. 2.8 Trust Respect Trust is seen as an important attribute of effective leadership and has been referred to as the glue which keeps an organization together as a functioning unit (Strasser, 1994, p.181). In a study, Mishra (1990) concludes that there exist four factors that breed trust within an organization namely: Communication at all level Shared decision making Sharing critical information Honest sharing of perceptions and feelings This study also concluded that trust is an element which starts at the top of any organization, then filter sits way down due to the upper managements hierarchical advantage and greater access to key information. In a team-based environment, trust is an essential ingredient to the overall success and ensures that there exist a collaborative working environment where all party can cohabit and work together. Grundy (1998, p. 180) concludes that organizations where there are determined levels of trust, employees experience empowerment, satisfaction, and competitive advantage, stating; For a team to work effectively, its members must trust one another. We must be able to assume that we can trust each other, that is we can operate with the same values and purpose, count on each other during tough times, be bone straight with each other and work together with mutual respect and care (Harari,1999, p. 29) 2.9 Office layout and working environment Over the years, many organizations have been trying new designs and techniques to construct office buildings, which can increase productivity, and attract more employees. Many authors have noted that, the physical layout of the workspace, along with efficient management processes, is playing a major role in boosting employees productivity and improving organizational performance (Uzee, 1999; Leaman and Bordass, 1993; Williams et al. 1985). The American Society of Interior Designers (ASID, 1999) carried out an independent study and revealed that the physical workplace design is one of the top three factors, which affect performance and job satisfaction. The study results showed that 31 percent of people were satisfied with their jobs and had pleasing workplace environments. 50 percent of people were seeking jobs and said that they would prefer a job in a company where the physical environment is good. Ergonomics of office furniture is important because an employee has to work with them for the entire time that he is on office, and if they are uncomfortable and not user friendly, their working style and efficiency gets hampered considerably, in turn affecting the overall organizations. Non-ergonomic office furniture can also lead to health problems of employees, which again has an adverse effect on the productivity. Ergonomic office furniture ensures that each employee gels well with the things around him, like desks, chairs, computer alignment and even environmental factors. If the employee is uncomfortable due to any reason, his work is bound to get affected. If all factors surrounding the employee are ergonomically correct, then the employee will be comfortable and remain motivated to give his best. Nowier Mohammed (2009) Barriers towards building a good working environment The promotion of a good working environment has numerous advantages namely the firm will have a motivated workforce which will work to their maximum level so as to make the organization become more competitive. Moreover, the firms reputation will not be affected negatively since it will not suffer from problem like strikes and other major problems. As a result, the organization will be more productive and efficient. However, in spite of these advantages, there exist barriers towards the creation of a great place to work namely: Resistant from both parties At the workplace, there are often conflicts between the management team and the employees and this is due to the simple fact that no one party wants to listen to the other. For instance, the management usually implements decisions first and then they expect employees to follow. The management tends to use the authoritarian leadership style but employees are against that since they want to have a say. Resistance can be constructive if it forces managers to interact more frequently with subordinate, to review the decision to introduce change, and perhaps to explore alternative ways to meet desired objective. Six approaches have been put forward as ways of controlling resistance to change (kotter Schlesinger, 1979): Education and communication Participation Facilitation Negotiating and agreement Manipulation and co-option Coercion If the management uses the above approaches then issues like disagreement can be resolved. For instance, with a proper communication channel, there will be clarification of information and thus both parties will be on the same length. Moreover, by educating the employees, they will be able to see change as an opportunity rather than a threat. Thus, such policies can ensure that the organization will experience a harmonious working environment with very little or no conflict at the workplace.
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