Situational Leadership Analysis Essay -- Leadership

Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory (SLT) states that a leader’s viability is reliant upon the status, or capacity and eagerness, of the leader’s devotees to finish an undertaking. This administration style is an amalgamation of undertaking focused and relationship-arranged qualities that are utilized relying on the circumstance and the devotees in question. As per the SLT, as supporters increment in status the leader’s style is to adjust as needs be (Kinicki and Kreitner, 2009). The table beneath (Babou, 2008) sums up the authority practices that the SLT presumes are suitable to the different phases of adherent availability. Every quadrant of the Leadership Behaviors diagram compares to a similar quadrant in the Follower Readiness graph. Administration Behaviors Style 1 (S1 or Directing): High errand/low relationship This pioneer utilizes better than expected measures of errand conduct and beneath normal measures of relationship conduct. Style 2 (S2 or Coaching): High errand/high relationship This pioneer utilizes more prominent than-normal measures of both errand and relationship practices. Style 3 (S3 or Supporting): High relationship/low errand This pioneer displays more prominent than-normal measures of relationship conduct what's more, beneath normal measures of errand conduct. Style 4 (S4 or Delegating): Low relationship/low errand This pioneer utilizes underneath normal measures of both relationship and undertaking practices. Supporter Readiness For instance, under this hypothesis the pioneer would utilize High Directive/High Support administration practices to the Disillusioned Learner. Preferably, the pioneer enables the devotees as they to advance through the phases to accomplish the Self-Reliant Achiever/Delegating level. While I don't really ... ...ul pioneer. Without high ability in these zones, the pioneer is probably not going to discover accomplishment to any huge degree paying little mind to how well the person acts in different regions. Generally speaking I am satisfied with where I as of now am in these crucial territories, especially in those regions that characterize me as an individual and would somehow or another be incredibly hard to change. The regions of shortcoming uncover modifications that I can make in my style and how I ostensibly present myself, yet I don't accept there are any holes that can't be crossed over as I proceed with my journey to improve as a pioneer. Works Cited Babou. (2008, March 26). Varieties in situational administration Web. 28 March 2015 http://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/03/26/varieties in-situational-administration/ Kinicki, An., and Kreitner, R. (2009). Hierarchical conduct (fourth ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Web based business - Essay Example This innovation has become the indivisible piece of authoritative mix, promoting, HRM, and client maintenance. Subsequently, the organizations with non-practical highlights are well on the way to flop in the present business condition. Hundreds and a large number of clients today depend on web, either to buy something or to gather data about different items and administrations they require. This quickly developing pattern is affectionately alluded to ‘e-commerce’ which powers business people to alter their business as per the market changes. So as to be serious, associations need to have moment and precise access to data about their own assets and resources. Since the capability of the web, as a basic device of a company’s Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and dynamic has been demonstrated, organizations intensely rely upon the electronic innovation. This report will inspect the primary highlights of web based business, changing plans of action, highlights of adv anced markets and computerized products, different web plans of action, head installment frameworks in online business, and new improvements in the region and so forth. In the event that an organization maintains its business capacities electronically, the strategy can be called online business. Nonetheless, the kind of web based business that a firm embraces relies upon its hierarchical structure, size, business zone, target fragments, and numerous different variables. In like manner, web based business is compelling among business and business, among business and shoppers, among business and workers, among customer and buyer and so on. Despite the class of online business, there is away from of more purchasers and organizations entering the flood of electronic trade. For example, in the United States alone 2 percent of all retail deals income is produced from internet business; and coming days would observer huge upside development around there (Lauden and Lauden, J. P. 2007, p. 303). The term B2B alludes to the deals and exchanges between business bunches which

Sales Manager Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide

Sales Manager Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide So, you chose to chase a career path in sales? Well, good for you! Not only does every company need good salespeople, but selling can be implemented in all aspects of life.When we present an idea, we need to sell it.When were convincing a friend to go see a certain movie with us, we need to sell that idea. When were applying for a job position, and the interviewer asks us questions about ourselves, we need to what? Thats right, we need to sell!Even though you might think of yourself as someone, who is an experienced salesman, getting a job can prove to be quite tricky. Every step needs to be done right in order for you to get that position.One of the first and most important steps in getting your dream job is writing an excellent resume and today, we are here to help you do exactly that.We will cover all the ins and outs of writing a resume for the position of a sales manager.Without further due, lets get to it!Sales Manager Resume Example Right Sales Manager Resume Sample Right Create your own resumeLEARN HOW TO SELL YOURSELF AS A SALES MANAGER IN PERSONAL INFO SECTIONEvery resume should begin with the personal info section where you give clear information about yourself as a candidate.The information you give here is pretty much very straightforward, and you may be thinking to yourself Why do I need to read a guide on how to write the personal info section? I know my own personal information very well.Well, even though this might seem obvious, trust us when we say that a lot of people get this part wrong. It happens a lot actually, that people fill out some of their information unprofessionally or in the wrong way and that costs them a job opportunity.So, to make sure you dont make the same mistake, we will go through some examples of the right and wrong way to fill out a certain part of the personal info section.Hopefully, by reading this part, you will be aware of those small mistakes you should be on the lookout for.Lets begin!Full NameYour name should definitely be the easiest field to fill out. Yet, some people still manage to complicate it. Dont put any funny nicknames that will make you seem unprofessional. Keep it simple and the recruiter will love it.Jane Felson RightJane 'sales wonder woman' Felson WrongProfessionIf your line of work is more concrete than just a sales manager, feel free to write it so.Recruiters appreciate precision. For example, if you specialize in digital, write that you are a digital sales manager in the professional field. If you did various jobs during your working experience, dont worry. Writing down that youre a sales manager still works.PhotoIf your picture isnt professional, dont expect a call for an interview. Pictures of you at a social event or you at a cooking class simply wont cut it when we talk about resume photos.Headshots are always the best and safest types of photos you should use in your resume. Just make sure that the quality is good. It doesnt have to be billboard quality; the rul e of no pixels applies here.Phone NumberIf you dont want to leave your phone number in your resume, your potential loss is huge.Keep in mind that, even though it is 2019 and the majority of us prefer digital channels of communication, there are still people who prefer the good old phone call.The interviewer might try to reach you that way, and if you dont answer, it will leave a very bad impression. So, our advice is that you write down a phone number you will check regularly. Dont say we didnt warn you!AddressYour address can be left out of the resume but bear in mind that some recruiters want to know how far away you live, in case you might need help with transportation to work.Also, they might need to relocate you, and they would like to know that in advance.E-Mail AddressThe chances are, you will receive further information about the selection process by e-mail, so make sure that you write down your actual address which you are going to check regularly.By regularly, we mean at l east once a day. Leaving an e-mail from a company unanswered will make you look very unprofessional in their eyes and will take a lot of work to make up for. Like with phone calls, dont say we didnt warn you!felsonjane56@gmail.com Rightjanewonderwoman56@gmail.com WrongSocial Media ProfilesWe always advise people to share their LinkedIn profile with their potential employer.The reason is simple think of LinkedIn as your broader resume. You would want for the recruiter to see everything you did in your working experience, wouldnt you? Well, they can see just that on your LinkedIn profile.Facebook and Instagram are optional, especially Instagram, since it is a very private social media platform where you can only post pictures and videos.Here is our recommendation for social media you should share in your resume if you have them:Your LinkedIn profileYour Facebook profileYour Skype IDIf you dont have a LinkedIn profile yet, seriously, make one. Trust us, it will come in handy.SUMMARY IS THE 2nd THING RECRUITERS LOOK IN   YOUR RESUME â€" WRITE IT AS A PRO!Try to be as concrete as possible in the summary section, while still leaving room for further explanation in the experience section. We know that this is a fine line, but its possible.Focus on pointing out your main achievements during your entire working experience. If you wish to do so, you can also mention your plans for the future and what exactly you are looking for.Lets look at the right and wrong example of writing the summary section.SummaryA top-ranked sales manager recognized for contributing to record sales figures. Successfully created more than 20 long-term partnerships with new accounts. I have a demonstrated history of working in different teams made of international members. Advanced cold-calling techniques, presentation and negotiation skills helped me drive more than 3,000,000$ revenue in my working experience. RightSummaryA top-ranked sales manager. Successfully created long-term partnershi ps with new accounts. I have a demonstrated history of working in different teams made of international members. Advanced cold-calling techniques, presentation and negotiation skills helped me do my job best way I can! WrongFrom these two examples, we see how the Right one has much more valuable information for the interviewer. He or she will have a greater understanding of what exactly you did and what youve accomplished by looking at the Right example.EXPERIENCE SECTION THAT WILL MAKE YOU GET ANY JOB YOU WANT!In the experience section, use the fields to write down your main responsibilities and achievements.Choose a couple of main ones and write them down in a couple of bullet points. Lets take a look at the right and wrong example again: Right WrongNotice how the wrong example lacks any real information, other than where you worked in the past and how much time you spent there. Also, the wrong example has some irrelevant information.If youre applying for the position of a sales manager and you have experience in that area, noting down that you were a bartender will just open up more questions and take up unnecessary space on the resume.Rather, always try to give concrete and concise information about what you did, what were your responsibilities, and how you achieved your goals. Always describe your work with both qualitative and quantitative information. Recruiters will notice that and keep you in mind for further selection.TIPS FOR WRITING THE EDUCATION PART THAT VERY FEW KNOWEven though formal education is losing its worth in the eyes of employers, you should still note down your highest degree.Its true that a lot of employers nowadays are looking for people who can do the job right rather than highly-educated people, some companies still prefer candidates who have a college degree in their resume. Right WrongIf we compare the right and the wrong example, we see that again, the wrong one lacks valuable information. Your GPA score should be mentioned if your grades were good.Also, every additional activity you did during your studies will demonstrate how hard-working and devoted you are.Avoid writing down unnecessary information, like your high school degree.The recruiter might ask you about that on the interview, but there really isnt any point in letting them know which high school you went to if you have a college degree. If you didnt go to college, then feel free to write down the highest degree you have.HOW TO WRITE ABOUT YOUR SKILLS IN A RESUMEThis section should show your best self! You need to split section into 3 different “types of skills”.One is particularly related to the job that you are applying to as a sales manager and the other 2 are related to languages you speak, and other related skills that might increase your chances.Sales manager skills are hard or soft sk ills you posses in the area of sales. Here you should write down every skill that helps you be a great sales manager!Other skills are hard and soft skills which help you fit in the company, in a team, or in areas outside of sales.The Language part is self-explanatory, but only put down the languages you know at least at a beginner level.That means dont overcrowd this section for the sake of painting a picture of yourself as a better candidate. Lets take a look at the right and wrong example and dissect them: Right WrongWe see that the wrong example is very un-organized and that only a couple of skills are mentioned.Weve said that we dont condone overcrowding this section, but you should still use the fields you have to point out all of the hard and soft skills youve obtained during your studies and your working experience.TIPS TRICKS THAT WILL MAKE YOUR RESUME A GOOD DEAL FOR RECRUITERSNow that weve covered every segment and youve seen examples of how a great resume looks, you are basically ready to create your own amazing resume!But before that, lets take a look at some advanced tips tricks you should apply when going for a sales manager job position:Include these main sales manager skills Sales team supervision, new account development, relationship building and maintaining, partnership upscaling, stakeholder management, complex negotiating, territory management, creating proposals, presenting, sales training, lead nurturing, closing strategiesInclude these main sales manager keywords Achieved, influenced, established, coached, expanded, improved, trained, collaborated, closedDescribe your experience with data/numbers Whenever you can, describe your experience with data instead of words. KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) youve measured can now be of great use to you! Instead of stating that you contributed to revenue growth, state that revenue increased by 7% because of your contribution!Keep it at the length of one page Remember that not everything should be in your resume, only the most important things considering the position youre applying for. Rely on your LinkedIn profile to provide the information you couldnt quite fit in the resume. Put yourself in the recruiters shoes, if you had to go through 300 resumes, wouldnt you want them all to be short and to the point?Use the same font If you are not a designer, dont try to become one by experimenting with your resume. You are not applying for a designer position, and neither is that company looking for one. Keep it simple, use one font and you will be good.If any sentence is too long, cut it or split it It can happen that you go into too much detail when trying to explain something in the best way possible. This is why when you review your resume, check if any part is too long. If it is, simply split it into more parts or cut out a part of it. Sometimes, less is more, and this rule is especially true for resumes.Make sure your resume doesnt have any typos But really, there isnt an excuse for not checking your grammar. If book writers can check their 300+ pages, you can check this one page that may determine your next job. Not to mention that there are free apps available which can check this for you in a matter of seconds.Be prepared to answer questions about your job switching If theres a history in your experience section of you moving around jobs, expect questions about this. This doesnt have to be bad. All you have to do is to be sincere. The chances are that that the reasons y ou left were valid, and by talking about them, you set clearer expectations about how you want to be treated and how you want your work-life to look like.CONCLUSIONYou might be a beginner at writing resumes and applying for jobs, and you might be an experienced candidate. Whatever the case may be, we wish you the best of luck in the search for an ideal opportunity for yourself!Hopefully, by reading this article, you have seen that writing a resume doesnt have to be a painful process and that everybody can do it.We hope that you learned something new and that the guidelines youve read here will help you land your next dream job. We believe in you, you got this! Create your own resume

As the saying goes no good deed goes unrewarded....

As the saying goes no good deed goes unrewarded. Coleridge, in his poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, tells a story that no evil deed shall go unpunished. For every action there is an appropriate consequence equal to or greater than the original action. In the poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Coleridge explains this through the crime committed by the ancient Mariner and the consequences forced upon him for his actions as seemed fit by the spiritual world. The albatross had flown to the side of the Mariner’s ship and guided the ship through the fog. â€Å"At lengths did cross an albatross through the fog it came; As if it had been a Christian soul, we hailed it in God’s name.†(64-66). Coleridge tells us that the albatross was a†¦show more content†¦I believe that the events to fall upon the ancient mariner are consequences for blessings he destroyed. The second punishment was more of a physiologic punishment placed upon the Ancient Mariner instead of a physical one. Life and death soon appear and play a game of chance to determine the fortune of the Mariner and his crew. â€Å"the game is done, I’ve won.† (43). Winning the game apparently means survival as death takes the lives of the two hundred men aboard the ship. Life in death nonetheless blesses the Mariner with eternal life. This had become his punishment because the Mariner could no longer pray, sleep, and every day must live with the agonizing loss of his men aboard his now forsaken ship. â€Å"Alone, Alone, all, all alone, Alone on a wide wide sea! And never a saint took pity on My soul in agony.† (236-39). It is clear that the Ancient Mariner is being punished by the divine. In the same way the Mariner killed the Albatross the spiritual forces are in a way killing him. The Albatross is dead and now the Ancient Mariner is metaphorically dead also. This is apparent as the Mariner has been isolated in the middle of the ocean where everything all around him is the same and lifeless. Just as if he were to be dead and buried in the ground, there would be dirt to his left and to his right without a single soul to keep him company. The only way for the Mariner to ease his pain is

Essay about Malcolm X vs Martin Luther King Jr - 1804 Words

In looking at how the actions of two of the Blount curriculum’s selected writers influenced historical change, progress, and thought I chose to focus on their respective views of race and race relations, in particular the Civil Rights Movement. I chose to write on the two diametrically opposed civil rights activists Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. In the 1960’s the African American community became increasingly active in the struggle for civil rights. Although the concept race is an arbitrary societal construct based on the color of an individual’s skin and his or her geographic origin, it has had a profound impact not only on the founding and formation of our country but also the development modern American society. King and†¦show more content†¦Following the non-violent principles of Gandhi, King ignited hope into the eyes of thousands of African Americans for equal rights. Early in his career he realized that non-violent protest was the most efficient way of achieving his goal. He stated that: I had come to see early that the Christian doctrine of love operating through the Gandhian method of non-violence was one of the most potent weapons available to the Negro in his struggle for freedom. In seeking to continue and expand the non-violent struggle against discrimination, King, along with other Black ministers, set up the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. As a result of his consistent commitment to nonviolence, black college students began to launch a series of sit-ins at lunch counters and public places where segregation was existent (King 39). The turning point in King’s career came in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. The SCLC launched a major demonstration to protest anti-Black attitudes in the South. Confrontations ensued between unarmed Black demonstrators and Birmingham police and firemen who used clubs, attack dogs, and fire hoses as a show of unnecessary force to quell the crowd. The publication of this demonstration and the incidents that ensued had profound effects across the country. It sparked protests across the country and prompted President John F. Kennedy to push for passage of new civil rights legislation. The Birmingham incident resulted inShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr. vs. Malcolm X997 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. vs. Malcolm X Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X both fought for the same goal, but had different ways of achieving this goal. They both fought against civil rights and were leaders in the civil rights movement. The way they were brought up is a good explanation for their differences; King was brought up in a wealthy family, while X was raised in the ghetto to a poor family. Both fought against unfair laws, Social Discrimination, and Racial segregation, but theyRead MoreMalcolm X vs. Martin Luther King Jr.1723 Words   |  7 Pagesthis momentous time in United States history. Speeches during this period served as a means to inspire and assemble a specific group of people, for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X it was the black community that needed to rise up in hopes of achieving equal rights and voting rights for the blacks. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were two of the most prominent leaders and orators at the heart of the Civil Rights Movement. Although both leaders possessed the same objectives, theirRead MoreMalcolm X Vs. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagesthis momentous time in United States history. Speeches during this period served as a means to inspire and assemble a specific group of people, for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X it was the black community that needed to rise up in hopes of achieving equal rights and voting rights for the blacks. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were two of the most prominent leaders and orators at the heart of the Civil Rights Movement. Although both leaders possessed the same objectives, theirRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. vs. Malcolm X1263 Words   |  6 Pages* Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are two people on different ends of the scales, with totally different up-bringings. * King was brought up by a rich black family,with a good education, and a good chance at life. He was a black aristocrat, and a wealthy man. * Malcolm X was brought up in the ghetto, and had to learn to defend himself against racist white children. He was deptived of his father, who was found dead, murdered by a white mob. His mother became mentally ill so he wasRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement712 Words   |  3 Pagesthough the actions taken by Malcolm X were of good intentions, they ended up causing a ripple between African Americans. On the other hand Martin Luther King Jr. identified that if people were going to respond to hatred with more hatred then there will be little chances for change and substance which was never understood by Malcolm. He was, of course, powerful and strong as an Africa American commanding huge followers and believers, but things did not end well as Malcolm X dies in the hand of his ownRead MoreMartin Luther King vs. Malcolm X Essay825 Words   |  4 PagesTwo of the greatest know civil rights speakers in the United States was Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm x. Both of these men had two very different views on what they thought would be the best way for blacks to get equality. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in his main philosophy which was non violent resistance. 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While Martin Luther King Jr. took a more peacefulRead MoreMartin Luther King Vs Malcolm X1436 Words   |  6 PagesSelene Sandoval Professor Solheim History 108 CRN # 20244 16 October 2016 Martin Luther King VS Malcolm X Ronald Regan once said: â€Å"Freedom is never more than one generation away from extinction. We didn t pass it to our children in the bloodstream. It must be fought for, protected, and handed on for them to do the same.† In fact, American history has had a great deal of leaders that brought change by improving the lives of others. These leaders introduced new ideas, models, and theories toRead MoreCivil War Movement : Martin Luther King Jr Malcolm X1212 Words   |  5 Pages Research paper History 11.21 December 23, 2014 Civil War Movement: Martin Luther King Jr/ Malcolm X Many years after blacks had received citizenship and the right to vote there was still much bias against them. Because of their skin color African Americans hadn’t been treated fairly and did not have the same rights as whites. In theRead MoreA Research on The Civil Rights Movement1448 Words   |  6 PagesMovement (Martin Luther King Jr. Vs Malcolm X) and will be focusing on two important icons that have an important part of African American History. I am going to further discuss in this research paper, â€Å"What were the views of Martin Luther King. Jr and Malcolm X during the Civil Rights movement? What were their goals and methods to achieve equality and peace?† Both leaders wanted to unite the black race with the white race and achieve equal rights. Martin Luther King. Jr and Malcolm X were both very

Survival Models And Mortality Data Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(64) " by measure description of the codification is explained below\." In the old chapter 2, we discussed approximately aggregative claims and how it can be modelled and simulated utilizing R scheduling. In this chapter we shall discourse on one of the of import factors which has direct impact on arise of a claim, the human mortality. Life insurance companies use this factor to pattern hazard originating out of claims. We will write a custom essay sample on Survival Models And Mortality Data Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now We shall analyze and look into the petroleum informations presented in human mortality database for specific states like Scotland and Sweden and utilize statistical techniques. Mortality smooth bundle is used in smoothing the informations based on Bayesian information standard BIC, a technique used to find smoothing parameter ; we shall besides plot the information. Finally we shall reason by executing comparing of mortality of two states based on clip. 3.1 Introduction Mortality informations in simple footings is entering of deceases of species defined in a specific set. This aggregation of informations could change based on different variables or sets such as sex, age, old ages, geographical location and existences. In this subdivision we shall utilize human informations grouped based on population of states, sex, ages and old ages. Human mortality in urban states has improved significantly over the past few centuries. This has attributed mostly due to improved criterion of life and national wellness services to the populace, but in latter decennaries there has been enormous betterment in wellness attention in recent steps which has made strong demographic and actuarial deductions. Here we use human mortality informations and analyse mortality tendency compute life tabular arraies and monetary value different rente merchandises. 3.2 Beginnings of Datas Human mortality database ( HMD ) is used to pull out informations related to deceases and exposure. These informations are collected from national statistical offices. In this thesis we shall look into two states Sweden and Scotland informations for specific ages and old ages. The information for specific states Sweden and Scotland are downloaded. The deceases and exposure informations is downloaded from HMD under Sverige Scotland They are downloaded and saved as â€Å" .txt † informations files in the several difficult disc under â€Å" /Data/Conutryname_deaths.txt † and â€Å" /Data/Conutryname_exposures.txt † severally. In general the information handiness and formats vary over states and clip. The female and male decease and exposure informations are shared from natural informations. The â€Å" entire † column in the information beginning is calculated utilizing leaden norm based on the comparative size of the two groups male and female at a given clip. 3.3 Gompertz jurisprudence graduation A well-known statistician, Benjamin Gompertz observed that over a long period of human life clip, the force of mortality additions geometrically with age. This was modelled for individual twelvemonth of life. The Gompertz theoretical account is additive on the log graduated table. The Gompertz jurisprudence states that â€Å" the mortality rate additions in a geometric patterned advance † . Therefore when decease rates are A gt ; 0 B gt ; 1 And the line drive theoretical account is fitted by taking log both sides. = a + bx Where a = and B = The corresponding quadratic theoretical account is given as follows 3.3.1 Generalized Linear theoretical accounts are P-Splines in smoothing informations Generalized Linear Models ( GLM ) are an extension of the additive theoretical accounts that allows theoretical accounts to be fit to data that follow chance distributions like Poisson, Binomial, and etc. If is the figure of deceases at age ten and is cardinal exposed to put on the line so By maximal likelihood estimation we have and by GLM, follows Poisson distribution denoted by with a + bx We shall utilize P-splines techniques in smoothing the information. As mentioned above the GLM with figure of deceases follows Poisson distribution, we fit a quadratic arrested development utilizing exposure as the beginning parametric quantity. The splines are piecewise multinomials normally cubic and they are joined utilizing the belongings of 2nd derived functions being equal at those points, these articulations are defined as knots to suit informations. It uses B-splines arrested development matrix. A punishment map of order linear or quadratic or three-dimensional is used to punish the irregular behavior of informations by puting a punishment difference. This map is so used in the log likeliness along with smoothing parametric quantity.The equations are maximised to obtain smoothing informations. Larger the value of implies smoother is the map but more aberrance. Therefore, optimum value of is chosen to equilibrate aberrance and theoretical account complexness. is evaluated utilizing assorted techniques such as BIC – Bayesian information standard and AIC – Akaike ‘s information standard techniques. Mortalitysmooth bundle in R implements the techniques mentioned above in smoothing informations, There are different options or picks to smoothen utilizing p-splines, The figure of knots ndx, the grade of p-spine whether additive, quadratic or three-dimensional bdeg and the smoothning parametric quantity lamda. The mortality smooth methods fits a P-spline theoretical account with equally-spaced B-splines along ten There are four possible methods in this bundle to smooth informations, the default value being set is BIC. AIC minimisation is besides available but BIC provides better result for big values. In this thesis, we shall smoothen the informations utilizing default option BIC and utilizing lamda value. 3.4 MortalitySmooth Package in R plan execution In this subdivision we describe the generic execution of utilizing R programming to read deceases and exposure informations from human mortality database and usage MortalitySmooth bundle to smoothen the informations based on p-splines. The undermentioned codification presented below tonss the gt ; require ( â€Å" MortalitySmooth † ) gt ; beginning ( â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † ) gt ; Age lt ; -30:80 ; Year lt ; – 1959:1999 gt ; state lt ; – † Scotland † ; Sex lt ; – â€Å" Males † gt ; decease =LoadHMDData ( state, Age, Year, † Deaths † , Sex ) gt ; exposure =LoadHMDData ( state, Age, Year, † Exposures † , Sex ) gt ; FilParam.Val lt ; -40 gt ; Hmd.SmoothData =SmoothenHMDDataset ( Age, Year, decease, exposure ) gt ; XAxis lt ; – Year gt ; YAxis lt ; -log ( fitted ( Hmd.SmoothData $ Smoothfit.BIC ) [ Age==FilParam.Val, ] /exposure [ Age==FilParam.Val, ] ) gt ; plotHMDDataset ( XAxis, log ( decease [ Age==FilParam.Val, ] /exposure [ Age==FilParam.Val, ] ) , MainDesc, Xlab, Ylab, legend.loc ) gt ; DrawlineHMDDataset ( XAxis, YAxis ) The MortalitySmooth bundle is loaded and the generic execution of methods to put to death graduation smoothening is available in Programs/Graduation_Methods.r. The measure by measure description of the codification is explained below. You read "Survival Models And Mortality Data Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Step:1 Load Human Mortality information Method Name LoadHMDData Description Return an object of Matrix type which is a mxn dimension with m stand foring figure of Ages and n stand foring figure of old ages. This object is specifically formatted to be used in Mortality2Dsmooth map. Execution LoadHMDData ( Country, Age, Year, Type, Sex ) Arguments Country Name of the state for which information to be loaded. If state is â€Å" Denmark † , † Sweden † , † Switzerland † or â€Å" Japan † the SelectHMDData map of MortalitySmooth bundle is called internally. Age Vector for the figure of rows defined in the matrix object. There must be atleast one value. Year Vector for the figure of columns defined in the matrix object. There must be atleast one value. Type A value which specifies the type of informations to be loaded from Human mortality database. It can take values as â€Å" Deaths † or â€Å" Exposures † Sexual activity An optional filter value based on which information is loaded into the matrix object. It can take values â€Å" Males † , â€Å" Females † and â€Å" Entire † . Default value being â€Å" Entire † Detailss The method LoadHMDData in â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † reads the informations availale in the directory Data to lade deceases or exposure for the given parametric quantities. The informations can be filtered based on Country, Age, Year, Type based on Deaths or Exposures and in conclusion by Sexual activity. Figure: 3.1 Format of matrix objects Death and Exposure. The Figure 3.1 shows the format used in objects Death and Exposure to hive away informations. A matrix object stand foring Age in rows and Old ages in column. The MortalitySmooth bundle contains certain characteristics for specific states listed in the bundle. They are Denmark, Switzerland, Sweden and Japan. These informations for these states can be straight accessed by a predefined map SelectHMDData. LoadHMDData map checks the value of the variable state and if Country is equal to any of the 4 states mentioned in the mortalitysmooth bundle so SelectHMDData method is internally called or else customized generic map is called to return the objects. The return objects format in both maps remains precisely the same. Measure 2: Smoothen HMD Dataset Method Name SmoothenHMDDataset Description Return a list of smoothened object based BIC and Lamda of matrix object type which is a mxn dimension with m stand foring figure of Ages and n stand foring figure of old ages. This object is specifically formatted to be used in Mortality2Dsmooth map. Tax returns a list of objects of type Mort2Dsmooth which is a planar P-splines smooth of the input informations and order fixed to be default. These objects are customized for mortality informations merely. Smoothfit.BIC and Smoothfit.fitLAM objects are returned along with fitBIC.Data fitted values. SmoothenHMDDataset ( Xaxis, YAxis, ZAxis, Offset.Param ) Arguments Xaxis Vector for the abscissa of informations used in the map Mortality2Dsmooth in MortalitySmooth bundle in R. Here Age vector is value of XAxis. Yaxis Vector for the ordinate of informations used in the map Mortality2Dsmooth in MortalitySmooth bundle in R. Here Year vector is value of YAxis. .ZAxis Matrix Count response used in the map Mortality2Dsmooth in MortalitySmooth bundle in R. Here Death is the matrix object value for ZAxis and dimensions of ZAxis must match to the length of XAxis and YAxis. Offset.Param A Matrix with anterior known values to be included in the additive forecaster during suiting the 2d informations. Here exposure is the matrix object value and is the additive forecaster. Detailss. The method SmoothenHMDDataset in â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † smoothens the informations based on the decease and exposure objects loaded as defined above in measure 1. The Age, twelvemonth and decease are loaded as x-axis, y-axis and z-axis severally with exposure as the beginning parametric quantity. These parametric quantities are internally fitted in Mortality2Dsmooth map available in MortalitySmooth bundle in smoothing the information. Step3: secret plan the smoothened informations based on user input Method Name PlotHMDDataset Description Plot the smoothed object with the several axis, fable, axis graduated table inside informations are machine rifles customized based on user inputs. Execution PlotHMDDataset ( Xaxis, YAxis, MainDesc, Xlab, Ylab, legend.loc, legend.Val, Plot.Type, Ylim ) Arguments Xaxis Vector for plotting X axis value. Here the value would be Age or Year based on user petition. Yaxis Vector for plotting X axis value. Here the value would be Smoothened log mortality valleies filtered for a peculiar Age or Year. MainDesc Main inside informations depicting about the secret plan. Xlab X axis label. Ylab Y axis label. legend.loc A customized location of fable. It can take values â€Å" topright † , † topleft † legend.Val A customized fable description inside informations – it can take vector values of type twine. Val, Plot.Type An optional value to alter secret plan type. Here default value is equal to default value set in the secret plan. If value =1, so figure with line is plotted Ylim An optional value to put the tallness of the Y axis, by default takes max value of vector Y values. Detailss The generic method PlotHMDDataset in â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † plots the smoothed fitted mortality values with an option to custom-make based on user inputs. The generic method DrawlineHMDDataset in â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † plots the line. Normally called after PlotHMDDataset method. 3.5 Graphic representation of smoothened mortality informations. In this subdivision we shall look into graphical representation of mortality informations for selected states Scotland and Sweden. The generic plan discussed in old subdivision 3.4 is used to implement the secret plan based on customized user inputs. Log mortality of smoothed informations v.s existent tantrum for Sweden. Figure 3.3 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for Sweden based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The points represent existent informations and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lamda =10000 severally. Right panel: – Plot of Age v.s log ( Mortality ) for Sweden based on twelvemonth 1995 and age from 30 to 90. The points represent existent informations red and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lamda =10000 severally. Log mortality of smoothed informations v.s existent tantrum for Scotland Figure 3.4 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for Scotland based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The points represent existent informations and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lamda =10000 severally. Right panel: – Plot of Age v.s log ( Mortality ) for Scotland based on twelvemonth 1995 and age from 30 to 90. The points represent existent informations red and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lamda =10000 severally. Log mortality of Females Vs Males for Sweden The Figure 3.5 given below represents the mortality rate for males and females in Sweden for age wise and twelvemonth wise. 3.5 Left panel reveals that the mortality of male is more than the female over the old ages and has been a sudden addition of male mortality from mid 1960 ‘s boulder clay late 1970 ‘s for male – The life anticipation for Sweden male in 1960 is 71.24 V 74.92 for adult females and it had been increasing for adult females to 77.06 and merely 72.2 for male in the following decennary which explains the tendency. Figure 3.5 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for Sweden based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for males and females severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and females severally. Right panel: – Plot of Age v.s log ( Mortality ) for Sweden based on twelvemonth 2000 and age from 25 to 90. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for males and females severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and females severally. The Figure 3.5 represents the mortality rate for males and females in Sweden for age wise and twelvemonth wise. 3.5 Left panel reveals that the mortality of male is more than the female over the old ages and has been a sudden addition of male mortality from mid 1960 ‘s boulder clay late 1970 ‘s for male – The life anticipation for Sweden male in 1960 is 71.24 V 74.92 for adult females and it had been increasing for adult females to 77.06 and merely 72.2 for male in the following decennary which explains the tendency. The 3.5 Right panel shows the male mortality is more than the female mortality for the twelvemonth 1995, The sex ratio for male to female is 1.06 at birth and has been systematically diminishing to 1.03 during 15-64 and.79 over 65 and above clearly explicating the tendency for Sweden mortality rate addition in males is more than in females. Log mortality of Females Vs Males for Scotland Figure 3.6 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for Scotland based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for males and females severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and females severally. Right panel: – Plot of Age v.s log ( Mortality ) for Scotland based on twelvemonth 2000 and age from 25 to 90. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for males and females severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and females severally. The figure 3.6 Left panel describes consistent dip in mortality rates but there has been a steady addition in mortality rates of male over female for a long period get downing mid 1950 ‘s and has been steadily increasing for people of age 40 years.The 3.6 Right panel shows the male mortality is more than the female mortality for the twelvemonth 1995, The sex ratio for male to female is 1.04 at birth and has been systematically diminishing to.94 during 15-64 and.88 over 65 and above clearly explicating the tendency for Scotland mortality rate addition in males is more than in females. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_Scotland . Log mortality of Scotland Vs Sweden Figure 3.7 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for states Sweden and Scotland based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for Sweden and Scotland severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC Sweden and Scotland severally. Right panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for states Sweden and Scotland based on twelvemonth 2000 and age from 25 to 90. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for Sweden and Scotland severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC Sweden and Scotland severally. The figure 3.7 Left Panel shows that the mortality rates for Scotland are more than Sweden and there has been consistent lessening in mortality rates for Sweden get downing mid 1970 ‘s where as Scotland mortality rates though decreased for a period started to demo upward tendency, this could be attributed due to alter in life conditions. How to cite Survival Models And Mortality Data Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Survival Models And Mortality Data Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(64) " by measure description of the codification is explained below\." In the old chapter 2, we discussed approximately aggregative claims and how it can be modelled and simulated utilizing R scheduling. In this chapter we shall discourse on one of the of import factors which has direct impact on arise of a claim, the human mortality. Life insurance companies use this factor to pattern hazard originating out of claims. We will write a custom essay sample on Survival Models And Mortality Data Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now We shall analyze and look into the petroleum informations presented in human mortality database for specific states like Scotland and Sweden and utilize statistical techniques. Mortality smooth bundle is used in smoothing the informations based on Bayesian information standard BIC, a technique used to find smoothing parameter ; we shall besides plot the information. Finally we shall reason by executing comparing of mortality of two states based on clip. 3.1 Introduction Mortality informations in simple footings is entering of deceases of species defined in a specific set. This aggregation of informations could change based on different variables or sets such as sex, age, old ages, geographical location and existences. In this subdivision we shall utilize human informations grouped based on population of states, sex, ages and old ages. Human mortality in urban states has improved significantly over the past few centuries. This has attributed mostly due to improved criterion of life and national wellness services to the populace, but in latter decennaries there has been enormous betterment in wellness attention in recent steps which has made strong demographic and actuarial deductions. Here we use human mortality informations and analyse mortality tendency compute life tabular arraies and monetary value different rente merchandises. 3.2 Beginnings of Datas Human mortality database ( HMD ) is used to pull out informations related to deceases and exposure. These informations are collected from national statistical offices. In this thesis we shall look into two states Sweden and Scotland informations for specific ages and old ages. The information for specific states Sweden and Scotland are downloaded. The deceases and exposure informations is downloaded from HMD under Sverige Scotland They are downloaded and saved as â€Å" .txt † informations files in the several difficult disc under â€Å" /Data/Conutryname_deaths.txt † and â€Å" /Data/Conutryname_exposures.txt † severally. In general the information handiness and formats vary over states and clip. The female and male decease and exposure informations are shared from natural informations. The â€Å" entire † column in the information beginning is calculated utilizing leaden norm based on the comparative size of the two groups male and female at a given clip. 3.3 Gompertz jurisprudence graduation A well-known statistician, Benjamin Gompertz observed that over a long period of human life clip, the force of mortality additions geometrically with age. This was modelled for individual twelvemonth of life. The Gompertz theoretical account is additive on the log graduated table. The Gompertz jurisprudence states that â€Å" the mortality rate additions in a geometric patterned advance † . Therefore when decease rates are A gt ; 0 B gt ; 1 And the line drive theoretical account is fitted by taking log both sides. = a + bx Where a = and B = The corresponding quadratic theoretical account is given as follows 3.3.1 Generalized Linear theoretical accounts are P-Splines in smoothing informations Generalized Linear Models ( GLM ) are an extension of the additive theoretical accounts that allows theoretical accounts to be fit to data that follow chance distributions like Poisson, Binomial, and etc. If is the figure of deceases at age ten and is cardinal exposed to put on the line so By maximal likelihood estimation we have and by GLM, follows Poisson distribution denoted by with a + bx We shall utilize P-splines techniques in smoothing the information. As mentioned above the GLM with figure of deceases follows Poisson distribution, we fit a quadratic arrested development utilizing exposure as the beginning parametric quantity. The splines are piecewise multinomials normally cubic and they are joined utilizing the belongings of 2nd derived functions being equal at those points, these articulations are defined as knots to suit informations. It uses B-splines arrested development matrix. A punishment map of order linear or quadratic or three-dimensional is used to punish the irregular behavior of informations by puting a punishment difference. This map is so used in the log likeliness along with smoothing parametric quantity.The equations are maximised to obtain smoothing informations. Larger the value of implies smoother is the map but more aberrance. Therefore, optimum value of is chosen to equilibrate aberrance and theoretical account complexness. is evaluated utilizing assorted techniques such as BIC – Bayesian information standard and AIC – Akaike ‘s information standard techniques. Mortalitysmooth bundle in R implements the techniques mentioned above in smoothing informations, There are different options or picks to smoothen utilizing p-splines, The figure of knots ndx, the grade of p-spine whether additive, quadratic or three-dimensional bdeg and the smoothning parametric quantity lamda. The mortality smooth methods fits a P-spline theoretical account with equally-spaced B-splines along ten There are four possible methods in this bundle to smooth informations, the default value being set is BIC. AIC minimisation is besides available but BIC provides better result for big values. In this thesis, we shall smoothen the informations utilizing default option BIC and utilizing lamda value. 3.4 MortalitySmooth Package in R plan execution In this subdivision we describe the generic execution of utilizing R programming to read deceases and exposure informations from human mortality database and usage MortalitySmooth bundle to smoothen the informations based on p-splines. The undermentioned codification presented below tonss the gt ; require ( â€Å" MortalitySmooth † ) gt ; beginning ( â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † ) gt ; Age lt ; -30:80 ; Year lt ; – 1959:1999 gt ; state lt ; – † Scotland † ; Sex lt ; – â€Å" Males † gt ; decease =LoadHMDData ( state, Age, Year, † Deaths † , Sex ) gt ; exposure =LoadHMDData ( state, Age, Year, † Exposures † , Sex ) gt ; FilParam.Val lt ; -40 gt ; Hmd.SmoothData =SmoothenHMDDataset ( Age, Year, decease, exposure ) gt ; XAxis lt ; – Year gt ; YAxis lt ; -log ( fitted ( Hmd.SmoothData $ Smoothfit.BIC ) [ Age==FilParam.Val, ] /exposure [ Age==FilParam.Val, ] ) gt ; plotHMDDataset ( XAxis, log ( decease [ Age==FilParam.Val, ] /exposure [ Age==FilParam.Val, ] ) , MainDesc, Xlab, Ylab, legend.loc ) gt ; DrawlineHMDDataset ( XAxis, YAxis ) The MortalitySmooth bundle is loaded and the generic execution of methods to put to death graduation smoothening is available in Programs/Graduation_Methods.r. The measure by measure description of the codification is explained below. You read "Survival Models And Mortality Data Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Step:1 Load Human Mortality information Method Name LoadHMDData Description Return an object of Matrix type which is a mxn dimension with m stand foring figure of Ages and n stand foring figure of old ages. This object is specifically formatted to be used in Mortality2Dsmooth map. Execution LoadHMDData ( Country, Age, Year, Type, Sex ) Arguments Country Name of the state for which information to be loaded. If state is â€Å" Denmark † , † Sweden † , † Switzerland † or â€Å" Japan † the SelectHMDData map of MortalitySmooth bundle is called internally. Age Vector for the figure of rows defined in the matrix object. There must be atleast one value. Year Vector for the figure of columns defined in the matrix object. There must be atleast one value. Type A value which specifies the type of informations to be loaded from Human mortality database. It can take values as â€Å" Deaths † or â€Å" Exposures † Sexual activity An optional filter value based on which information is loaded into the matrix object. It can take values â€Å" Males † , â€Å" Females † and â€Å" Entire † . Default value being â€Å" Entire † Detailss The method LoadHMDData in â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † reads the informations availale in the directory Data to lade deceases or exposure for the given parametric quantities. The informations can be filtered based on Country, Age, Year, Type based on Deaths or Exposures and in conclusion by Sexual activity. Figure: 3.1 Format of matrix objects Death and Exposure. The Figure 3.1 shows the format used in objects Death and Exposure to hive away informations. A matrix object stand foring Age in rows and Old ages in column. The MortalitySmooth bundle contains certain characteristics for specific states listed in the bundle. They are Denmark, Switzerland, Sweden and Japan. These informations for these states can be straight accessed by a predefined map SelectHMDData. LoadHMDData map checks the value of the variable state and if Country is equal to any of the 4 states mentioned in the mortalitysmooth bundle so SelectHMDData method is internally called or else customized generic map is called to return the objects. The return objects format in both maps remains precisely the same. Measure 2: Smoothen HMD Dataset Method Name SmoothenHMDDataset Description Return a list of smoothened object based BIC and Lamda of matrix object type which is a mxn dimension with m stand foring figure of Ages and n stand foring figure of old ages. This object is specifically formatted to be used in Mortality2Dsmooth map. Tax returns a list of objects of type Mort2Dsmooth which is a planar P-splines smooth of the input informations and order fixed to be default. These objects are customized for mortality informations merely. Smoothfit.BIC and Smoothfit.fitLAM objects are returned along with fitBIC.Data fitted values. SmoothenHMDDataset ( Xaxis, YAxis, ZAxis, Offset.Param ) Arguments Xaxis Vector for the abscissa of informations used in the map Mortality2Dsmooth in MortalitySmooth bundle in R. Here Age vector is value of XAxis. Yaxis Vector for the ordinate of informations used in the map Mortality2Dsmooth in MortalitySmooth bundle in R. Here Year vector is value of YAxis. .ZAxis Matrix Count response used in the map Mortality2Dsmooth in MortalitySmooth bundle in R. Here Death is the matrix object value for ZAxis and dimensions of ZAxis must match to the length of XAxis and YAxis. Offset.Param A Matrix with anterior known values to be included in the additive forecaster during suiting the 2d informations. Here exposure is the matrix object value and is the additive forecaster. Detailss. The method SmoothenHMDDataset in â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † smoothens the informations based on the decease and exposure objects loaded as defined above in measure 1. The Age, twelvemonth and decease are loaded as x-axis, y-axis and z-axis severally with exposure as the beginning parametric quantity. These parametric quantities are internally fitted in Mortality2Dsmooth map available in MortalitySmooth bundle in smoothing the information. Step3: secret plan the smoothened informations based on user input Method Name PlotHMDDataset Description Plot the smoothed object with the several axis, fable, axis graduated table inside informations are machine rifles customized based on user inputs. Execution PlotHMDDataset ( Xaxis, YAxis, MainDesc, Xlab, Ylab, legend.loc, legend.Val, Plot.Type, Ylim ) Arguments Xaxis Vector for plotting X axis value. Here the value would be Age or Year based on user petition. Yaxis Vector for plotting X axis value. Here the value would be Smoothened log mortality valleies filtered for a peculiar Age or Year. MainDesc Main inside informations depicting about the secret plan. Xlab X axis label. Ylab Y axis label. legend.loc A customized location of fable. It can take values â€Å" topright † , † topleft † legend.Val A customized fable description inside informations – it can take vector values of type twine. Val, Plot.Type An optional value to alter secret plan type. Here default value is equal to default value set in the secret plan. If value =1, so figure with line is plotted Ylim An optional value to put the tallness of the Y axis, by default takes max value of vector Y values. Detailss The generic method PlotHMDDataset in â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † plots the smoothed fitted mortality values with an option to custom-make based on user inputs. The generic method DrawlineHMDDataset in â€Å" Programs/Graduation_Methods.r † plots the line. Normally called after PlotHMDDataset method. 3.5 Graphic representation of smoothened mortality informations. In this subdivision we shall look into graphical representation of mortality informations for selected states Scotland and Sweden. The generic plan discussed in old subdivision 3.4 is used to implement the secret plan based on customized user inputs. Log mortality of smoothed informations v.s existent tantrum for Sweden. Figure 3.3 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for Sweden based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The points represent existent informations and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lamda =10000 severally. Right panel: – Plot of Age v.s log ( Mortality ) for Sweden based on twelvemonth 1995 and age from 30 to 90. The points represent existent informations red and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lamda =10000 severally. Log mortality of smoothed informations v.s existent tantrum for Scotland Figure 3.4 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for Scotland based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The points represent existent informations and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lamda =10000 severally. Right panel: – Plot of Age v.s log ( Mortality ) for Scotland based on twelvemonth 1995 and age from 30 to 90. The points represent existent informations red and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC and Lamda =10000 severally. Log mortality of Females Vs Males for Sweden The Figure 3.5 given below represents the mortality rate for males and females in Sweden for age wise and twelvemonth wise. 3.5 Left panel reveals that the mortality of male is more than the female over the old ages and has been a sudden addition of male mortality from mid 1960 ‘s boulder clay late 1970 ‘s for male – The life anticipation for Sweden male in 1960 is 71.24 V 74.92 for adult females and it had been increasing for adult females to 77.06 and merely 72.2 for male in the following decennary which explains the tendency. Figure 3.5 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for Sweden based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for males and females severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and females severally. Right panel: – Plot of Age v.s log ( Mortality ) for Sweden based on twelvemonth 2000 and age from 25 to 90. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for males and females severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and females severally. The Figure 3.5 represents the mortality rate for males and females in Sweden for age wise and twelvemonth wise. 3.5 Left panel reveals that the mortality of male is more than the female over the old ages and has been a sudden addition of male mortality from mid 1960 ‘s boulder clay late 1970 ‘s for male – The life anticipation for Sweden male in 1960 is 71.24 V 74.92 for adult females and it had been increasing for adult females to 77.06 and merely 72.2 for male in the following decennary which explains the tendency. The 3.5 Right panel shows the male mortality is more than the female mortality for the twelvemonth 1995, The sex ratio for male to female is 1.06 at birth and has been systematically diminishing to 1.03 during 15-64 and.79 over 65 and above clearly explicating the tendency for Sweden mortality rate addition in males is more than in females. Log mortality of Females Vs Males for Scotland Figure 3.6 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for Scotland based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for males and females severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and females severally. Right panel: – Plot of Age v.s log ( Mortality ) for Scotland based on twelvemonth 2000 and age from 25 to 90. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for males and females severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC males and females severally. The figure 3.6 Left panel describes consistent dip in mortality rates but there has been a steady addition in mortality rates of male over female for a long period get downing mid 1950 ‘s and has been steadily increasing for people of age 40 years.The 3.6 Right panel shows the male mortality is more than the female mortality for the twelvemonth 1995, The sex ratio for male to female is 1.04 at birth and has been systematically diminishing to.94 during 15-64 and.88 over 65 and above clearly explicating the tendency for Scotland mortality rate addition in males is more than in females. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_Scotland . Log mortality of Scotland Vs Sweden Figure 3.7 Left panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for states Sweden and Scotland based on age 40 and twelvemonth from 1945 to 2005. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for Sweden and Scotland severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC Sweden and Scotland severally. Right panel: – Plot of Year v.s log ( Mortality ) for states Sweden and Scotland based on twelvemonth 2000 and age from 25 to 90. The ruddy and bluish points represent existent informations for Sweden and Scotland severally and ruddy and bluish curves represent smoothed fitted curves for BIC Sweden and Scotland severally. The figure 3.7 Left Panel shows that the mortality rates for Scotland are more than Sweden and there has been consistent lessening in mortality rates for Sweden get downing mid 1970 ‘s where as Scotland mortality rates though decreased for a period started to demo upward tendency, this could be attributed due to alter in life conditions. How to cite Survival Models And Mortality Data Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Apollo 13 (as

Apollo 13 (as-508): Houston, We Have A Problem. Essay Apollo 13 (AS-508): Houston, we have a problem. The Apollo 13 mission was launched at 2:13 p.m. EST, April 11, 1970 fromlaunch complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center. The space vehicle crew consisted ofJames A. Lovell, Jr. commander, John L. Swigert, Jr., command module pilot andFred W. Haise, Jr. lunar module pilot. The Apollo 13 Mission was planned as a lunar landing mission but wasaborted en route to the moon after about 56 hours of flight due to loss ofservice module cryogenic oxygen and consequent loss of capability to generateelectrical power, to provide oxygen and to produce water. Spacecraft systems performance was nominal until the fans in cryogenicoxygen tank 2 were turned on at 55:53:18 ground elapsed time (GET). About 2seconds after energizing the fan circuit, a short was indicated in the currentfrom fuel cell 3, which was supplying power to cryogenic oxygen tank 2 fans. Within several additional seconds, two other shorted conditions occurred. Electrical shorts in the fan circuit ignited the wire insulation, causingtemperature and pressure to increase within cryogenic oxygen tank 2. Whenpressure reached the cryogenic oxygen tank 2 relief valve full-flow conditionsof 1008 psi, the pressure began decreasing for about 9 seconds, at which timethe relief valve probably reseated, causing the pressure to rise againmomentarily. About a quarter of a second later, a vibration disturbance wasnoted on the command module accelerometers. The next series of events occurred within a fraction of a second betweenthe accelerometer disturbances and the data loss. A tank line burst, because ofheat, in the vacuum jacket pressurizing the annulus and, in turn, causing theblow-out plug on the vacuum jacket to rupture. Some mechanism in bay 4 combinedwith the oxygen buildup in that bay to cause a rapid pressure rise whichresulted in separation of the outer panel. The panel struck one of the dishes ofthe high-gain antenna. The panel separation shock closed the fuel cell 1 and 3oxygen reactant shut-off valves and several propellant and helium isolationvalves in the reaction control system. Data were lost for about 1.8 seconds asthe high-gain antenna switched from narrow beam to wide beam, because of theantenna being hit and damaged. As a result of these occurrences, the CM was powered down and the LM wasconfigured to supply the necessary power and other consumables. The CSM was powered down at approximately 58:40 GET. The surge tank andrepressurization package were isolated with approximately 860 psi residualpressure (approx. 6.5 lbs of oxygen total). The primary water glycol system wasleft with radiators bypassed. All LM systems performed satisfactorily in providing the necessary powerand environmental control to the spacecraft. The requirement for lithiumhydroxide to remove carbon dioxide from the spacecraft atmosphere was met by acombination of the CM and LM cartridges since the LM cartridges alone would notsatisfy the total requirement. The crew, with direction from Mission Control,built an adapter for the CM cartridges to accept LM hoses. The service module was jettisoned at approximately 138 hours GET, andthe crew observed and photographed the bay-4 area where the cryogenic tankanomaly had occurred. At this time, the crew remarked that the outer skincovering for bay-4 had been severely damaged, with a large portion missing. The LM was jettisoned about 1 hour before entry, which was performednominally using primary guidance and navigation system.

Baroque Opera Development and Cultural Values free essay sample

â€Å"Derived from the Portuguese barroco, or â€Å"oddly shaped pearl,† the term â€Å"baroque† has been widely used since the nineteenth century to describe the period in Western European art music from about 1600 to 1750† http://www. baroque. org. Following the Renaissance, the baroque period was known for its expressivity of boldness, extravagance, overall balance, and use of heavy use of ornamentation. These features can be seen in everything from the clothing styles, to the architecture, and in particular the arts. The baroque period is generally divided into 2 timeframes, the early baroque period (1600-1680) and the late baroque period (1680-1750). In terms of music, the early baroque period notes a new interest in the use of monody. Monody is the use of one voice or instrument, typically accompanied by basso continuo. The Renaissance period is known for its use of polyphony. In the late baroque period, concerto grosso became the more popular style written. We will write a custom essay sample on Baroque Opera Development and Cultural Values or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Concerto grosso shows two groups of instruments or voices in contrast to each other singing or playing lines back and forth, thus introducing the first melody and harmony performances. The key instrumental form of the late Baroque period was the concerto grosso, which reflected the contrast between two groups of instruments. The two groups either alternated with one another or play together. A majority of the baroque music composed was for the church, royalty, and the social elite. This may have clouded the composer’s true vision for their music, as their works were dictated by the payer’s taste. â€Å"The greatest legacy by the late Baroque period was the creation of operas and oratorios, considered greatest and most magnificent is Handels Messiah, and J. S. Bachs St Matthew Passion† http://www. usicedmagic. com. An opera is a story that is performed by singing. The plot is expressed by speech-like songs called recitatives and arias which are more indicative of the mood or feeling at that particular moment in the performance. â€Å"The first surviving opera was Jacopo Peri’s Dafne, based on a libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini and performe d in Florence in 1598; the earliest opera still performed today is Claudio Monteverdi’s Orfeo (1607). The subjects of the first operas are all taken from Greek myth, reflecting the genre’s close alliances with attempts to recreate the music and drama of ancient cultures, nd were performed solely in aristocratic circles for invited guests† http://www. baroque. org. In the 1630s the first opera houses were opened in Venice, Italy. The audience dictated what the performers would sing and how it was performed. The crowds typically liked the arias, so that is what was primarily performed during that time. This led to a decline in dances and choruses in Italian opera. By the early 1700s, two styles became prevalent, operas with a serious tone (da capo aria) and operas with a comedic tone (opera buffa). As the baroque period and its operas progressed, the styles became more dramatic. This led to the changes and popularity of the oratorios and the cantatas. Oratorios began as small religious-based operas and ended up being huge productions mixed with non-religious texts. The cantatas began as very small secular operas performed as duets, trios, and quartets. They were performed by amateurs and professionals. As time went on, they became incorporating orchestral accompaniments and primarily performed by professionals. â€Å"Essays in classical oratory by Quintillian and Cicero provided a model for Baroque actors, as did posture and gestures taken from both classical and contemporary paintings and sculpture. Rhetorical gesture was designed to accompany individual words of text, rather than to display the pervading emotions† http://www. operaatelier. com. Baroque operas were difficult to perform due to the density of the text to be performed. To effectively convey the emotion to the audience the performers had to vividly perform to evoke emotion from the audience while maintaining the structure of the baroque style. This proves a challenge even for today’s performers. The singing style was heavily ornamented and exaggerated by the use of vibratos, dynamic changes of volume, and many other techniques. Not only was the introduction of the opera a demarcation of the baroque, but the instrumental solos and orchestral pieces as well. Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel were great composers of instrumental masterpieces. Handle’s music for the royal fireworks is a great example of the baroque style orchestra. The instruments are played with staccato (short â€Å"poppy† style with a hint of separation between notes), lots of variation of volume, trills, etc. These all are methods used by the musicians to ornament the song. There were also layers of different instruments at varying times, and a contraposto style expressed between the different sections of the orchestra. It’s almost as the different sections are talking back and forth to one another. Another great example of a baroque masterpiece is Bach’s Toccata Fugue in D minor. This was written for the pipe organ by Bach, but there is no surviving copy in Bach’s own handwriting. Several masters have rewritten the work and that is how it survives today. The piece begins with a few short notes followed by a single long note. The sounds are soon followed by the accompaniment of long deep bass tones. Throughout the song there are arguments and accompaniments between the harmony and melody of the deep rumbling bass and the high shrills produced by the pipe organ. At times the song is soft and beautiful, other times the song is strong and loud, displaying aggressive dissonance. This truly is a magnificent piece displaying all of the classic signs of the late baroque evoking emotion from all listeners. The song is still very popular and used in many ads and movies today. As listeners’ tastes grew and changed, so did the style of music. Audiences began to prefer a new melodic expression of clean musical architecture which is quite different from the heavily ornamented and opulent baroque style. This new preference ushered in the new classical style and the age of Hyden and Mozart. â€Å"Although the baroque period ended over 250 years ago, vestiges of the era can be heard everywhere. Some of the most influential and beloved compositions are regularly performed in concert halls, and a wealth of recordings make the baroque available on demand. Many of the musical genres still in use today, like the oratorio, concerto and opera, originated in the period. Twentieth century composers such as Ralph Vaughn Williams, Igor Stravinsky and Benjamin Britten paid homage to the baroque in their works. Its influence can even be heard outside the realm of art music: the free movement between solo and group in jazz is sometimes compared to baroque music, and snippets of Bach and Vivaldi frequently appear in the solos of heavy metal guitarists. And the spirit of the baroque—an unwavering belief in the power of music to touch people’s lives—changed music history forever† http://www. baroque. org.

The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami History and Its Aftermath

The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami History and Its Aftermath December 26, 2004, seemed like an ordinary Sunday. Fishermen, shopkeepers, Buddhist nuns, medical doctors, and mullahs - all around the Indian Ocean basin, people went about their morning routines. Western tourists on their Christmas holiday flocked to the beaches of Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia, reveling in the warm tropical sun and the blue waters of the sea. Without warning, at 7:58 am, a fault along the seafloor 250 kilometers (155 miles) southeast of Banda Aceh, in the state of Sumatra, Indonesia, suddenly gave way. A magnitude 9.1 underwater earthquake ripped along 1,200 kilometers (750 miles) of the fault, displacing parts of the seabed upward by 20 meters (66 feet), and opening a new rift 10 meters deep (33 feet). This sudden movement released an unimaginable amount of energy - equivalent to approximately 550 million times the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. When the seafloor shot upward, it caused a series of huge ripples in the Indian Ocean - that is, a tsunami. The people closest to the epicenter had some warning about the unfolding catastrophe - after all, they felt the powerful earthquake. However, tsunamis are uncommon in the Indian Ocean, and people had only about 10 minutes to react. There were no tsunami warnings. Around 8:08 am, the sea suddenly drew back from the earthquake-devastated shores of northern Sumatra. Then, a series of four enormous waves crashed ashore, the highest recorded at 24 meters tall (80 feet). Once the waves hit the shallows, in some places the local geography channeled them into even larger monsters, as much as 30 meters (100 feet) tall. The seawater roared inland, scouring large areas of the Indonesian coastline bare of human structures, and carrying away an estimated 168,000 people to their deaths. An hour later, the waves reached Thailand; still unwarned and unaware of the danger, approximately 8,200 people were caught by the tsunami waters, including 2,500 foreign tourists. The waves overran the low-lying Maldive Islands, killing 108 people there, and then raced on to India and Sri Lanka, where an additional 53,000 perished about two hours after the earthquake. The waves were still 12 meters (40 feet) tall. Finally, the tsunami struck the coast of East Africa some seven hours later. Despite the lapse of time, authorities had no way to warn the people of Somalia, Madagascar, Seychelles, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa. Energy from the quake in far-off Indonesia carried away approximately 300 to 400 people along Africas Indian Ocean coast, the majority in Somalias Puntland region. The Causation of the Casualties Altogether, an estimated 230,000 to 260,000 people died in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. The quake itself was third-most powerful since 1900, exceeded only by the Great Chilean Earthquake of 1960 (magnitude 9.5), and the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake in Prince William Sound, Alaska (magnitude 9.2); both of those quakes also produced killer tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean basin. The Indian Ocean tsunami was the most deadly in recorded history. Why did so many people die on December 26, 2004? Dense coastal populations combined with a lack of tsunami-warning infrastructure came together to produce this horrific result. Since tsunamis are much more common in the Pacific, that ocean is ringed with tsunami-warning sirens, ready to respond to information from the tsunami-detection buoys arrayed across the area. Although the Indian Ocean is seismically active, it was not wired for tsunami detection in the same way - despite its heavily-populated and low-lying coastal areas. Perhaps the great majority of the 2004 tsunamis victims could not have been saved by buoys and sirens. After all, by far the largest death toll was in Indonesia, where people had just been shaken by the massive quake and had only minutes to find high ground. Yet more than 60,000 people in other countries could have been saved; they would have had at least an hour to move away from the shoreline - if they had had some warning. In the years since 2004, officials have worked hard to install and improve an Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System. Hopefully, this will ensure that the people of the Indian Ocean basin will never again be caught unawares while 100-foot walls of water barrel toward their shores.

Investing in SME's in developing countries. Discuss different facets Essay

Investing in SME's in developing countries. Discuss different facets associated with these investments (from the perspective of - Essay Example There has been an upward trend in the acquisition of private equity funds due to a number of reasons. Apart from the high returns on investment, small and medium enterprises take up private equity because the markets have been liberalized to free market economies and there is proper disclosure and financial reforms that enable transparency to be experienced at the time of investment. PE funds also enable companies fill the gap in finance in the self-financing of the company and obtaining funds from other sources. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have numerous definitions with each country having its own distinct definition depending on its own unique economic patterns. However, most countries base their definitions in the number of employees, value of assets or the annual turnover for a firm to qualify as a small and medium enterprise. For example, the European Union states the limits for the number of employees in SMEs to be between 200 -250, w hile Japan sets the limit as 300 employees. This starkly contrasts with the situation in USA whereby SMEs are those enterprises with about 500 employees in the firm (Murphy 7). According to the World Bank, small and medium projects are those businesses with workers not exceeding 300 in number with a yearly income turnover of $ 15 million, and resources that are valued at $ 15 million. Data made available by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) show that almost 100% of business entities or enterprises within the grouping are small and medium enterprises accounting for 60% of employment in the private sector thereby making a substantial contribution in the development of economies of most developing nations. Developing nations define SMEs as groups of businesses that is composed of a mixture of self-employed or enterprises that have less than 10 employees and they are often found in informal sectors of the economy. The SMEs are regulated through certain princi ples that allow them to thrive in any given market. These principles include the proportionality principle that establishes an appropriate comparison or balance between risks and costs and their impact on the regulation of the business. This ensures that there are no needless or unnecessary demands placed upon the business in its regulation. The policy objectives must be transparent, clearly defined and communicated to the SMEs so that they know their prime objectives and obligations and make them aware of the expectations from the regulatory authorities. There must be accountability in the preparation of proposals and consultation before the making or taking of decisions. SMEs do well in environments where the policies put in place are consistent in application. SMEs are important in the economies of developing nations in that they provide the important revenue that translates to more tax by specific nations. They also contribute to the creation of employment opportunities and reve nue generated from exports. They are however restricted in the acquisition of funds as often, they possess little information that may be required to access funds from example bank loans. This has made such kind of enterprises to resort to private equity funds that is fast gaining ground in the world’

Leadership DEVELOPMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example The purpose of this study is for me, as an emerging leader, to understand the development process of becoming the leader I wish to be in the future, in my case as finance director. This understanding is to be underpinned by leadership theories. This study will help me to determine what abilities, values and skills I require to reach my goal. Also to examine if my experiences and characteristics from my past will aid me to reach my goal. As a child I did not have any burdens at all. I grew up in safe and small Stockholm, Sweden, in a well-educated, well-grounded family. As the youngest child in the family I was treated as a little princess, with no responsibilities. At the age of 15, I moved abroad by myself to study at the Swedish school in London. Among the new friends I had gathered I quickly became a leader for the first time in my life. As a leader within my friends in London I felt a great responsibility, I made sure everyone was safe and happy. This was the first time I saw myself as a leader, and understood that I possessed some personal characteristics and traits of a leader. From the perspective of the Great Man approach, I could see that I stood out from the rest of my friends. I was very self-confident, I was more independent then others (I lived by myself, while others lived in host families). My knowledge of my studies, the city and the nightlife there were greater than my friends. I saw things from an optimistic point of view, acted with integrity, had an inner drive and a strong desire to excel. The fact that I recognized a duty to care for my friends, that valued their thoughts and feelings and that I was able to garner their t rust all show my qualities as a leader (Daft, 2008). After a few years l began my education at Glion. I unwillingly left my safe zone, Stockholm, where my mother was dying of cancer. and I had to embark on a

Information Systems, Not Computer Science

Information Systems, Not Computer Science The largest growth in most economies is coming from information industries. The success of such knowledge-based organisations lies in their information systems. Also, forced by technological change and globalisation of markets, many manufacturing industries are also placing increasing emphasis upon information systems. Information systems are more than just computer programs. Though information and communications technologies are playing an increasing role in meeting organisations information needs, an information system is a much more general concept. It refers to the wider systems of people, data and activities, both computer-based and manual, that effectively gather, process, store and disseminate organisations information 2.0 Information Systems not Computer Science Information systems, as a discipline, focuses on exploring the interface between management, information science and computer science. Computer Science focuses on information technology: software. Information Systems mediates the two opposing worlds of human activity systems and information technology 3.0 Information Systems and the Modern Organization 3.1 Outline Competitive Advantage and Strategic Information Systems Evolution of Information Systems Classification of Information Systems The Modern Computing Environment Managing Information Resources 3.2 Learning Objectives Describe Porters competitive forces model. Discuss strategies that companies can use to achieve competitive advantage in their industries. Describe strategic information system (SISs) and how information technology helps companies improve their competitive positions. Describe various information systems and their evolution. Learn major Information System classification schemes. Describe the emerging computing environments. Describe how information resources are managed and the roles of the information systems department and the end users 4.0 Competitive advantage and SIS Competitive Advantage: An advantage over competitors in some measure such as cost, quality, or speed, which leads to control of a market and to larger than average profits. 4.1 Competitive forces model A business framework, devised by Michael Porter, for analyzing competitiveness by looking at five major forces that might alter a firms competitive standing. 4.2 Porters five forces Model 4.3 Strategies for Competitive Advantage Cost Leadership. Produce products and/or services at the lowest cost in the industry. Differentiation. Offer different products, services or product features. Customer orientation. Concentrate on making customers happy so that they remain loyal. New markets. Discover new markets either as a means of expansion and growth, or with the goal of capturing market niches. Innovation. Introduce new products and services, add new features to existing products and services or develop new ways to produce them. Operational Effectiveness. Improve the manner in which internal business processes are executed so that a firm performs similar activities better than its rivals. Discussion: Which of these strategies can be enhanced by the use of IS/IT, and how? 4.4 Strategic Information Systems (SISs) Systems that help an organization gain a competitive advantage through their contribution to the strategic goals of an organization and / or their ability to significantly increase performance and productivity. 4.5 IS Related Organizational Responses Strategic Systems may provide advantages that enable organizations to increase market share and/or profits, to better negotiate with suppliers, or prevent competitors from entering their markets. Customer Focus is the idea of attracting and keeping customers by providing superb customer service. Can be enhanced by use of IS/IT. Made-to-Order. is a strategy of producing customized products and services. Mass Customization is producing a large quantity of items, but customizing them to fit the desire of each customer. E business and Ecommerce. Is the strategy of doing business electronically. Discussion: Which Information Systems would be strategic for: An university An online book store A car manufacturer? 5.0 Evolution of Information Systems The first business application of computers (in the mid1950s) performed repetitive, high volume, transaction computing tasks. The computers crunched numbers summarizing and organizing transactions and data in the accounting, finance, and human resources areas. Such systems are generally called transaction processing systems (TPSs). Management Information Systems (MISs): these systems access, organize, summarize and display information for supporting routine decision making in the functional areas. Office Automation Systems (OASs): such as word processing systems were developed to support office and clerical workers. Decision Support Systems: were developed to provide computer based support for complex, or no routine decision making. End-user computing: The use or development of information systems by the principal users of the systems outputs, such as analysts, managers, and other professionals. Knowledge Management Systems: support creating, gathering, organizing, integrating and disseminating of an organization knowledge. Data Warehousing: A data warehouse is a database designed to support DSS, ESS and other analytical and end-user activities. Intelligent Support System (ISSs): Include expert systems which provide the stored knowledge of experts to non experts, and a new type of intelligent systems with machine learning capabilities that can learn from historical cases. Mobile Computing: Information systems that support employees who are working with customers or business partners outside the physical boundaries of their companies; can be done over wire line or wireless networks. 6.0 Classification of Information Systems The two most common classifications are: Classification by breath of support Classification by organizational level. 6.1 Classification by Breath of Support Typical information systems that follow the hierarchical organization structure are functional (departmental), enterprisewide and interorganizational Functional information systems are organized around the traditional departments. Enterprise information systems serve several departments or the entire enterprise. Inter organizational systems connect two or more organizations. An organizations supply chain describe the flow of materials, information, money, and service from raw material suppliers through factories and warehouses to the end customers. IT provides two major types of software solution for managing supply chain activities: Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM) 6.2 Departmental, corporate, and inter organizational IS 6.3 IT outside your organization 6.3 Classification by Organization Levels The typical enterprise is organized hierarchically, from the clerical and office worker layer, to the operational layer, the managerial layer, the knowledge worker layer and finally the strategic layer. 6.4 Levels in an Organization 6.5 The Clerical Level Clerical workers constitute a large class of employees who support managers at all levels of the company. Among clerical workers, those who use, manipulate, or disseminate information are referred to as data workers. These employees include bookkeepers, secretaries who work with word processors, electronic file clerks, and insurance claim processors. 6.6 The Operational Level Operational or first line managers deal with the day to day operations of the organization, making routine decisions, which deal in general with activities such as short-term planning, organizing, and control 6.7 The Knowledge Work Level They act as advisors and assistants to both top and middle management and are often subject area experts. Many of these professional workers are classified as knowledge workers, people who create information and knowledge as part of their work and integrate it into the business. 6.8 The Strategic Level Top-level or strategic managers (the executives) make decisions that deal with situations that may significantly change the manner in which business is done. 7.0 The Modern Computing Environment Computing Environment: The way in which an organizations information technologies (hardware, software, and communications technology) are organized and integrated for optimal efficiency and effectiveness. Legacy system: Older systems, typically those that process an organizations high volume transactions that are central to the operations of a business. 8.0 Managing Information Resources Information resources includes hardware, software, data, networks, applications etc. Management includes acquisition, introduction, support. Traditionally, department (ISD IS department) owns, manages and controls all resources End-user computing: employees use computers, write applications, manage data etc. Leads to fragmented management and need for cooperation between ISD and users Who is responsible for which resources? Includes financial responsibilities (contracts between users and ISD IT controlling) Discussion: What are the possible problems associated with: Complete control at ISD, and Complete control for end-users? Which factors in a company would lead to which outcome Chief Information Officer (CIO): sometimes member of top management, nowadays no longer technical, but strategic function IT Governance: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the leadership and organisational structures and processes that ensure that the organisations IT sustains and extends the organisations strategies and objectives. Framework for IT Governance: COBIT Control Objectives for IT and related Technologies Mandated for Turkish banks in 2006 Domains: Plan and Organize, Acquire and Implement, Deliver and Support, Monitor and Evaluate COBIT 9.0 The information system strategies implementation in UK companies 9.1 Strategic process formality Business strategy relationship % companies The ISS is a formal documented part of the business strategy 47.5 There is no formal documentation, but the ISS is related to specific strategic aims 41.8 The ISS is a departmental function, rather than a corporate function 6.4 The ISS is not seen as related to the business strategy 0.0 9.2 Success of strategies 9.4 Conclusion: Collective intelligence and knowledge management can become effective mechanisms to help avoid the disturbances leading to internal disequilibrium within the organisation. Collective intelligence and knowledge management can remediate the negative effects of the instability of environment. The information and knowledge become raw materials for the intelligent organisation; their management requires simple solutions. Life cycle for products and services is getting shorter; the markets are global, fragmented by the needs and exigencies of the clients. The organisational culture evolves according to the aggregate strategy. The role of knowledge manager is to invest in the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge, leaving the employees to capitalise their personal competence

House Waife

†¢ What kind of job are you looking for? â€Å"I’m looking for a position that is going to help make a company better and challenge me based on my experience and background. † †¢ What are you looking for in a job? â€Å"I’ve enjoyed the challenge of learning in just about every job I’ve had† and, again, â€Å"I’m looking for a position that’s going to help make a company better and challenge me. † †¢ What do you look for in a job? â€Å"Well, I’d like the work to be challenging. I enjoy being challenged every day.By being challenged I’m going to grow personally and professionally, and I find if I’m growing personally and professionally, the economics, benefits and many things like that will always take care of themselves† †¢ How do you define success? When I contribute to a successful organization, I am successful. We both grow. † Then perhaps relate a story about how â€Å" successful† you were in your last one or two jobs. Remember, people love stories, and they remember them long after they remember most everything else. You really don’t have as much experience as we would like; why should we hire you? You know, it’s very interesting, and every job I’ve ever had I never went in to the job having all of the experience that my previous employers wanted. In fact, I went into three of them where I was hired simply because I had more potential than any other candidate. As you can see, I have been successful in every position that I’ve been in even though I had no experience before I started.Some people catch on to things more quickly than others and I happen to be one who is blessed that way. I’m a quick learner and I’ve been able to pick up the things that I didn’t necessarily have any experience with and do extremely well. † †¢ Have you ever â€Å"failed† in a job? â€Å"Well, Iâ €™m like a ballplayer that never really lost—he just ran out of time. Even the very few things that I look back on and others might see as ‘failures,’ I really see as setbacks.Like most people, not everything that I’ve ever done has turned out as perfectly as I would have liked. But even when it didn’t, I’ve learned from it. † †¢ If you could choose any organization to work for, whom would you go to? â€Å"Unequivocally, this company is absolutely the one I would go to work for, †¢ Describe a major project that you have worked on and how it contributed to the overall good of your employer successful project Salary Transfer to Banks