Types of dementia and common signs and symptoms Essay Example for Free

Types of alienation and common signs and symptoms EssayThe term frenzy describes a set of symptoms which potty imply leaving of memory, mood changes and problems with communication and reasoning. These symptoms put across when the brain is damaged by certain conditions and infirmitys, including Alzheimers disease, vascular dementia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Age is the greatest risk factor for dementia. mania affects one in 14 people all oer the age of 65 and one in six over the age of 80. However, dementia is not qualified to older people in the UK, there are over 17,000 people under the age of 65 with dementia, although this figure is probably to be an underestimate. Alzheimers illnessAlzheimers disease affects around 496,000 people in the United Kingdom and is the most common cause of dementia. Alzheimers disease is a physical disease which affects the brain. It was basic described by a German neurologist, Alois Alzheimer. During the course of the disease, prot ein plaques and tangles develop in the structure of the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. People with Alzheimers alike have a shortage of some authorised chemicals in their brain which are involved with the transmission of messages. Alzheimers is a liberal disease, meaning that over time more parts of the brain are damaged. As this happens, the symptoms become more severe. People in the early stages of Alzheimers disease may generate lapses of memory and have problems finding the right words.As the disease progresses, some symptoms that a person may experience are Confusion frequently forgetting the name calling of people, places, appointments and recent events. Mood swings feeling sad or angry, or scared and frustrated by their increasing memory loss. Withdrawal due to either a loss of confidence or communication problems. Difficulty when carrying out everyday activities a person with Alzheimers may get muddled checking their change at the shops or become unsure how to work the television remote. So far, no one single factor has been identified as a cause for Alzheimers disease. It is likely that a combination of factors includingage, genetic inheritance, environ moral factors, lifestyle and overall general health, are responsible. In some people, the disease may develop silently for many years before symptoms appear.Vascular DementiaVascular dementia is the second most common body of dementia after Alzheimers disease. It is caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain. Brain cells need a good supply of blood in order to be healthy and function properly. Blood is delivered through and through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system indoors the brain becomes damaged and blood fuelnot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia. Factors that can increase a persons risk of developing vascular dementia include A aesculapian history of stroke, high blood impel, high cholesterol, diabetes (particularly type II), heart problems or sleep apnoea (where breathing stops for a few seconds or minutes during sleep). A lack of physical activity, drinking more that recommended levels of alcohol, smoking, eating a fatty diet or leaving conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes untreated. A family history of stroke or cardiovascular disease.An Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani or Sri Lankan ethnic background as differences in vascular risk factors (such as heart disease) in these communities may contribute to the increased risk. An African-Caribbean ethnic background.There are different types of vascular dementia Stroke-related dementia, sub-cortical vascular dementia and mixed dementia (vascular dementia and Alzheimers disease). The difference between these types depends on what has caused the damage in the brain and which part of the brain has been damaged.Common signs and symptoms of vascular dementia may include Problems w ith speed of thinking, concentration and communication. Depression and anxiety accompanying the dementia.Symptoms of a stroke, such as physical weakness or paralysis. Seizures.Periods of severe confusion.Visual mistakes and misperceptions (for example, seeing a rug as a pond). Changes in behaviour (for example, restlessness).Difficulties with walking and unsteadiness.Hallucinations and delusions.Problems with continence.Psychological symptoms such as becoming more obsessive.Dementia with Lewy BodiesDementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a form of dementia which shares characteristics with both Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease. It accounts for around 10% of all cases of dementia in older people and tends to be under-diagnosed. Named after the doctor who first identified them in 1912, Lewy bodies are tiny, spherical protein deposits found in font cells. Their presence in the brain disrupts the brains normal functioning, interrupting the action of important chemical messengers. Lewy bodi es are also found in the brains of people with Parkinsons disease, a progressive neurological disease that affects movement. Dementia with Lewy bodies is also a progressive disease, which means that over time the symptoms will become worse. DLB progresses at about the same rate as Alzheimers disease, typically over several years.Symptoms of DLB can include Problems with attention and alertness, often have spatial disorientation and experience difficulty with executive function, which includes difficulty in planning ahead and co-ordination mental activities. Memory is affected, although it is typically less so than in Alzheimers disease. Slowness. muscle stiffness. trembling of the limbs, a tendency to shuffle when walking, loss of facial expression and changes in the strength and tone of the voice. Experience detailed and convincing visual hallucinations, often of people or animals. Find that their abilities fluctuate daily or hourly.Fall incognizant very easily by day, and have re stless, disturbed nights with confusion, nightmares and hallucinations. Faint, fall or have funny turns.Researchers have yet to understand fully why Lewy bodies occur in the brain and how they cause damage.Creutzfeldt-Jakob DiseaseCreutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) is a rare form of dementia. Rarer forms of dementia account for around only 5% of all dementia cases in the UK. CJD is caused by an infection protein in the brain called a prion. These prions accumulate at high levels in the brain and cause irreversible damage to nerve cells. There are four main types of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Sporadic CJD, variant CJD, familial or inherited CJD and iatrogenic CJD. Sporadic CJD, which normally affects people over 40, is the most common form of the disease. It is estimated that the disease affects about one out of every 1 million people every year. There may be many years between a person being infected and the development of symptoms. Symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease include red ink of intellect and memory.Change in personality.Loss of balance and co-ordination.Slurred speech.Visual problems and blindness.Abnormal jerking movements.Progressive loss of brain function and mobility.Most people with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease will die within a year of the symptoms starting, usually from infection. This is because the immobility caused by the disease can make people with the condition vulnerable to infection.

Gender Norms & Racial Bias in the Study of the Modern History Essay Example for Free

gender Norms Racial Bias in the Study of the new(a) recital EssayHistory is the take aim of the past, particular(prenominal) every last(predicate)y how it relates to military personnels. It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of in spirtation about these events. Scholars who keep about level are called historians. Events occurring prior to written record are considered pre level. History can also refer to the academic discipline which uses a yarn to examine and analyse a sequence of past events, and objectively determine the patterns of cause and effect that determine them. Historians sometimes debate the constitution of score and its avail by discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing perspective on the problems of the present. Stories common to a come aparticular culture, however non supported by external sources are usually classified as heathenish heritage or legends, because they do non support the free investigation required of the discipline of invoice.Herodotus, a 5th-century BC Greek historian is considered within the Western tradition to be the father of news report, and, along with his contemporary Thucydides, helped form the foundations for the modern study of human history. Their work covers to be read today and the divide between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or get in modern diachronic writing. In the Eastern tradition, a state chronicle the Spring and Autumn Annals was k at presentn to be compiled from as archean as 722 BC although only 2nd century BC texts survived. Ancient influences overhear helped spawn variant interpretations of the nature of history which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. The modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific region s and the study of certain topical or thematical elements of historical investigation. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major discipline in University studies. EtymologyAncient Greek means inquiry,knowledge from inquiry, or judge. It was in that sand that Aristotle used the word in his . The ancestor word is attested early on in Homeric Hymns, Heraclitus, the Athenian ephebes oath, and in Boiotic inscriptions . The word entered the English dustup in 1390 with the meaning of relation of incidents, story. In Middle English,the meaning was story in general. The restriction to the meaning record of past events arose in the late fifteenth century. It was still in the Greek thought that Francis Bacon used the term in the late 16th century, when he wrote about Natural History. For him, historia was the knowledge of objects determined by space and time, that sort of knowledge provided by memory . In an expression of the linguistic synthetic vs. analytic/isolating dichotomy, English like Chinese now designates separate words for human history and storytelling in general. In modern German, cut, and most Germanic and Romance languages, which are solidly synthetic and highly inflected, the alike(p) word is still used to mean both history and story.The adjective historical is attested from 1661, and historic from 1669. Historian in the sense of a researcher of history is attested from 1531. In all European languages, the substantive history is still used to mean both what happened with men, and the scholarly study of the happened, the latter sense sometimes distinguished with a capital letter, History, or the word historiography. The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the institutional occupation of this discourse. All events that are remembered and carry on in some authentic form constitute the historical record. The task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which ca n most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the historians archive is a result of circumscribing a more(prenominal) general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents . The study of history has sometimes been classified as part of the humanities and at other times as part of the social sciences. It can also be seen as a bridge between those two grand cranial orbits, incorporating methodologies from both.Some individual historians strongly support one or the other classification. In the 20th century, French historian Fernand Braudel revolutionized the study of history, by using such outside disciplines as economics, anthropology, and geography in the study of global history. Traditionally, historians have recorded events of the past, either in writing or by passing on an oral tradition, and have attempted to answer historical questions by dint of the study of written documents and oral accounts. From the beginning, historians have also used such sources as monuments, inscriptions, and pictures. In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories what is written, what is tell, and what is physically preserved, and historians often consult all three. But writing is the marker that separates history from what comes before. Archaeology is a discipline that is especially helpful in dealing with buried sites and objects, which, once unearthed, contribute to the study of history. But archaeology rarely stands alone. It uses narrative sources to complement its discoveries. However, archaeology is constituted by a range of methodologies and approaches which are independent from history that is to say, archaeology does not fill the gaps within textual sources.Indeed, historical archaeology is a specific branch of archaeology, often contrasting its conclusions against those of contemporary textual sources. For example, Mark Leone, the excavator and articulation of historical Annapolis, Maryland, USA has sought to understand the contradiction between textual documents and the material record, demonstrating the possession of slaves and the inequalities of wealth apparent via the study of the total historical environment, scorn the ideology of liberty inherent in written documents at this time. There are varieties of ways in which history can be organized, including chronologically, culturally, territorially, and thematically. These divisions are not mutually exclusive, and significant overlaps are often present, as in The International Womens Movement in an Age of Transition, 18301975. It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general, although the modern trend has been toward specialization. The area called Big History resists this specialization, and searches for universal patterns or trends. History has often been studied with some practical or suppositious aim, but also ma y be studied out of simple intellectual curiosity. History and prehistoryThe history of the world is the memory of the past subsist of Homo sapiens around the world, as that experience has been preserved, largely in written records. By prehistory, historians mean the recovery of knowledge of the past in an area where no written records exist, or where the writing of a culture is not understood. By studying painting, drawings, carvings, and other artifacts, some information can be vulcanized even in the absence of a written record. Since the 20th century, the study of prehistory is considered essential to avoid historys implicit exclusion of certaincivilizations, such as those of Sub-Saharan Africa and pre-Columbian America. Historians in the West have been criticized for focusing disproportionately on the Western world. In 1961, British historian E. H. Carr wrote This definition includes within the electron orbit of history the strong interests of peoples, such as Australian Abor iginals and New Zealand Mori in the past, and the oral records maintained and transmitted to succeeding generations, even before their get to with European civilization. HistoriographyHistoriography has a number of related meanings. Firstly, it can refer to how history has been produced the story of the development of methodology and practices. Secondly, it can refer to what has been produced a specific clay of historical writing . Thirdly, it may refer to why history is produced the Philosophy of history. As a meta-level analysis of descriptions of the past, this third conception can relate to the premier(prenominal) two in that the analysis usually focuses on the narratives, interpretations, worldview, use of evidence, or method of presentation of other historians. Professional historians also debate the question of whether history can be taught as a single coherent narrative or a series of competing narratives. Philosophy of historyPhilosophy of history is a branch of philosop hy concerning the eventual significance, if any, of human history. Furthermore, it speculates as to a possible teleological end to its developmentthat is, it asks if there is a design, purpose, directive principle, or decisiveness in the processes of human history. Philosophy of history should not be confused with historiography, which is the study of history as an academic discipline, and thus concerns its methods and practices, and its development as a discipline over time. Nor should philosophy of history be confused with the history of philosophy, which is the study of the development of philosophical ideas through time. Historical methods heathenish historyCultural history replaced social history as the dominant form in the eighties and 1990s. It typically combines the approaches of anthropology and historyto look at language, popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past knowledge, customs, and arts of a group of people. How peoples constructed their memory of the past is a major topic. Cultural history includes the study of art in society as well is the study of images and human visual production. Diplomatic historyDiplomatic history, sometimes referred to as Rankin History in honor of Leopold von Ranke, focuses on politics, politicians and other high rulers and views them as being the driving force of continuity and change in history. This type of political history is the study of the conduct of outside(a) relations between states or across state boundaries over time. This is the most common form of history and is often the classical and popular belief of what history should be. Economic historyAlthough economic history has been well established since the late 19th century, in recent old age academic studies have shifted more and more toward economics departments and away from traditional history departments. Environmental historyEnvironmental history is a new field that emerged in the 1980s to look at the history of the environment, especially in the long run, and the impact of human activities upon it.World historyWorld history is the study of major civilizations over the last 3000 years or so. World history is primarily a pedagogy field, rather than a research field. It gained popularity in the United States, Japan and other countries after the 1980s with the realization that students need a broader exposure to the world as globalization proceeds. It has led to highly controversial interpretations by Oswald Spengler and Arnold J. Toynbee, among others. The World History Association publishes the daybook of World History every quarter since 1990. The H-World discussion list serves as a network of communication among practitioners of world history, with discussions among scholars, announcements, syllabi, bibliographies and book reviews. Peoples historyA peoples history is a type of historical work which attempts to account for hi storical events from the perspective of common people. A peoples history is the history of the world that is the story of mass movements and of the outsiders. Individuals or groups not included in the past in other type of writing about history are the primary focus, which includes the disenfranchised, the oppressed, the poor, the nonconformists, and the otherwise forgotten people. This history also usually focuses on events occurring in the fullness of time, or when an overwhelming wave of smaller events cause certain developments to occur. HistomomityHistornomity is a historical study of human progress or individual personal characteristics, by using statistics to analyze references to eminent persons, their statements, behavior and discoveries in relatively neutral texts. Gender historyGender history is a sub-field of History and Gender studies, which looks at the past from the perspective of gender. It is in many ways, an outgrowth of womens history. Despite its relatively short life, Gender History has had a rather significant effect on the general study of history. Since the mid-sixties, when the initially small field first achieved a measure of acceptance, it has gone through a number of different phases, each with its own challenges and outcomes. Although some of the changes to the study of history have been quite obvious, such as increased numbers of books on famous women or simply the admission of greater numbers of women into the historical profession, other influences are more subtle. frequent historyPublic history describes the broad range of activities undertaken by people with some training in the discipline of history who are generally working outside of specialized academic settings. Public history practice has quite deep roots in the areas of historic preservation, archival science, oral history, museum curatorship, and other related fields. The term itself began to be used in the U.S. and Canada in the late 1970s, and the field has become i ncreasingly professionalized since that time. Some of the most common settings for public history are museums, historic homes and historic sites, parks, battlefields, archives, film and picture companies, and alllevels of government. HistoriansProfessional and amateur historians discover, collect, organize, and present information about past events. In lists of historians, historians can be grouped by order of the historical time period in which they were writing, which is not necessarily the same as the period in which they specialized. Chroniclers and analysts, though they are not historians in the true sense, are also much included. The judgments of historySince the 20th century, Western historians have disavowed the aspiration to provide the judgments of history. The goals of historical judgments or interpretations are separate to those of legal judgments, which need to be formulated cursorily after the events and be final. A related issue to that of the judgments of history is that of collective memory. Pseudo-historyPseudo-history is a term applied to texts which purport to be historical in nature but which depart from standard historiographical conventions in a way which undermines their conclusions. Closely, related to deceptive historical revisionism. Works which draw controversial conclusions from new, speculative, or disputed historical evidence, particularly in the fields of national, political, military, and religious affairs, are often rejected as pseudo-history. Teaching historyFrom the origins of national school systems in the 19th century, the teaching of history to promote national sentiment has been a high priority. In the United States after World War I, a strong movement emerged at the university level to teach courses in Western Civilization, so as to give students a common heritage with Europe. In the U.S. after 1980 attention increasingly go toward teaching world history or requiring students to take courses in non-western cultures, to prepare students for life in a globalized economy. At the university level, historians debate the question of whether history belongs more to social science or to the humanities. Many view the field from both perspectives. The teaching of history in French schools was influenced by the Nouvelle histoire as disseminated after the 1960s by Cahiers pedagogies and Inveiglement and other journals for teachers. Alsoinfluential was the Institute national de recherch et de documentation pedagogue. Joseph Leif, the Inspector-general of teacher training, said pupils children should learn about historians approaches as well as facts and dates.Louis Franois, dean of the History/Geography group in the Inspectorate of National Education advised that teachers should provide historic documents and promote active methods which would give pupils the immense happiness of discovery. Proponents said it was a reaction against the memorization of names and dates that characterized teaching and left t he students bored. Traditionalists protested loudly it was a postmodern innovation that threatened to leave the youth ignorant of French patriotism and national identity. In most countries history textbook are tools to foster nationalism and patriotism, and give students the official line about national enemies. In many countries history textbooks are sponsored by the national government and are written to put the national heritage in the most favorable light. For example, in Japan, mention of the Nanking Massacre has been removed from textbooks and the entire World War II is given cursory treatment.Other countries have complained. It was standard policy in communist countries to present only a rigid Marxist historiography. Academic historians have often fought against the politicization of the textbooks, sometimes with success. In 21st-century Germany, the history curriculum is controlled by the 16 states, and is characterized not by super-patriotism but rather by an almost pacifi stic and deliberately unpatriotic undertone and reflects principles formulated by international organizations such as UNESCO or the Council of Europe, thus oriented towards human rights, democracy and peace. The result is that German textbooks usually downplay national pride and ambitions and aim to develop an understanding of citizenship centered on democracy, progress, human rights, peace, tolerance and European.

Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency: Carbon Isotopic Composition

Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency Carbon Isotopic CompositionDetermination of intrinsic piddle system use talent of different Mediterranean forest species by carbon isotopic compositionAbstractAn experiment will be conducted to study the C-13 composition in the tissues of genus Pinus halepensis, Quercus genus Ilex and Arbutus unedo under different water system availability conditions. C-13 composition will be determined using elemental analyser. An ANOVA will be conducted to poll the composition of C-13 within the launch tissue of plants in different water availability conditions. We will comp are the C-13 compositions in the plant tissues of the species within same(p) year with relation to water availability. The relationship between the C-13 composition in the plant tissue and water use efficiency (WUEi), different strategies to couple water stress will also be discussed.IntroductionThe Mediterranean landscape has low precipitation and humidity, and high sun intensity with less pr oductive basis (FAO, 2010). Previous studies show that changes are occurring in the amount, intensity, frequency and type of precipitation with climate change. Mediterranean Forests are generally composed of broadleaf and pine species. every last(predicate) the species moderate different water requirements. It is needed to determine the intrinsic water use efficiency of main species (Pinus halepensis, Arbutus unedoandQuercus ilex) of the landscape for better compositional management of the landscapes retentiveness in view the water demands of the species.Literature reviewThe Mediterranean region has limited and unevenly distributed water resources with only 1.2% of total renewable water resources (FAO, 2010). The basinful has high sun light and low humidity. The freshwater resources are expected to decrease upto 20-30% in 1950 callable to global warming. The mediterranean region is most unguarded to the climate change (Milano et al., 2012). The region is rich in biodiversity. Quercus (broad leaf) is well-represented genus, with a great range of species including Q. ilex (FAO, 2010). oak tree is also a heritage plant in Portugal (Galms et al., 2007). Pinus halepensis and Arbutus unedo are the two other prominent species of the Mediterranean region (Molina et al., 2012). P. halepensis has water saver behavior and Q. ilex behaves like water spender (Baquedano et al., 2006). Water stress affects the vegetation production by a reduction of the leaf area, the stomatal conductance and the CO2 uptake and hence of the photosynthesis, and by a slowdown of root elevation and development (Verstraeten et al., 2006). Under water stress conditions, plants exhibit several short to long-term adaptive responses. Reduced stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) due to closing of stomata (gs) is the first functional adaptations to water shortage (Galms et al., 2007). The adaptive responses are related with carbon splitting and create changes in vegetative and proce eds growth (Chalmers and Ende, 1975 Hsiao, 1973). The intensity and duration of water stress, whether imposed via irrigation or resulting from natural drought, may affect leaf gas exchange and nutrient uptake (Boyer, 1996 and Flexas and Medrano, 2002). Oak tree minimizes water potential of the leave to extract water from a region of higher water potential that is soil (Guehl and Aussenac, 1987 Lo Gullo and Salleo, 1988).Plant takes carbon (C-12 and C-13) during photosynthesis. In normal water conditions, Plants prefer carbon 12 during photosynthesis (Farquhar et al., 1989). This is called carbon-12 difference (Craig, 1957). The discrimination takes place in two levels. Firstly, it takes place during gas exchange through with(predicate) stomata. Secondly, the discrimination is by RuBisCO enzyme (Farquhar et al., 1989). In stressed conditions, plants tend to minimize water loss through closing stomata. This will also decrease the gaseous exchange through stomata. In this condition, there is not adequate carbon dioxide in the leave tissue for photosynthesis. So plants have no more preference for carbon-12. They take two carbon-12 and carbon-13 (Ferrio, 2003).Problem statementMediterranean ecosystems are strongly limited by a long and intense drought period that coincides with the hottest period. Moreover, in the next decades, the Mediterranean region of the Iberian Peninsula is predicted to face a 20% decrease in precipitation, and an enlarge of 23C in temperature (MARM, 2009), all of which will fade to higher water stress. Plant growth in the region is strictly limited by drought in recent scenario (Rey and Alcntara, 2000, Quero etal., 2008andGonzlez-Rodrguez etal., 2011). The field simulations suggest that in forthcoming, this will become even more problematic (Matas etal., 2012) due to climate change (Milano et al., 2012). The pressure on freshwater resources will also increase because of tourism, tanning, food and textile industry and agriculture sector . Possible future changes in water resources availability in this densely populated region may have dramatic societal and environmental effects (Gracia-Ruiz et al., 2011). With shortage of water, we have to face desertification, erosion and food security problem. Both broad and narrow leaf species are inhabited here (FAO, 2010). All species of the landscape vary in their water requirement. Some species consumes more water than the others. So we have to identify the species with lower water requirement and better strategies to cope the water scarcity problem. It is needed to determine the intrinsic water use efficiency of main species (Pinus halepensis, Arbutus unedoandQuercus ilex) of the landscape for better compositional management of the landscapes keeping in view the water demands of the species.Research QuestionsWhich one is the best suited species among P. halepensis, A. unedoandQ. ilex for the water scarced Mediterranean landscape?Specific ObjectivesTo collapse the intrinsic water use efficiencies of P. halepensis, A. unedoandQ. ilex over space.To analyze the intrinsic water use efficiencies of P. halepensis, A. unedoandQ. ilex over time to determine the best species for the future landscape composition to minimize the water consumption.To determine variability in water requirements of the P. halepensis, A. unedoandQ. ilexHypothesisIntrinsic water use efficiency of P. halepensis, A. unedoandQ. ilex is same and they consume same amount of water.There is no variability in the water requirement of P. halepensis, A. unedoandQ. ilex over space.LimitationThe time to analyze the temporal and spatial changes is short.Materials and MethodologyPlant samples of three species will be collected from botanical garden, arboretum of University of Lleida, Spain. The water supply will be by artificial means varied. Carbon-13 composition of collected samples will be analyzed by Europa Scientific 20-20 IRMS coupled to a Europa Scientific elemental analyser. Plant C-13 an alyses are currently utilize for a diverse range of applications including environmental (Ferrio, 2003) and ecophysiological studies (Arens et al., 2000 Kohn, 2010). The data will be analyzed by ANOVA.ReferencesArens NC, Jahren AH, Amundson R. 2000.Can C3 plants faithfully record the carbon isotopic composition of atmospherical carbon dioxide? Paleobiology 26137164.Boyer J. (1996). Advances in drought tolerance in plants. Adv. Agron., 56 (1996), pp. 187218Chalmers D.J., and Ende B.V.D. (1975). A Reappraisal of the Growth and Development of Peach Fruit. Australian journal of Plant Physiology 2(4) 623 634Craig H. 1957. Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass-spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 12 133149.FAO (2010).AquastatSystme dinformation de la FAO sur leau et lagricultureFarquhar G.D., Ehleringer J.R., Hubick K.T., 1989. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and P lant Molecular Biology 40, 503-537Ferrio J.P., Voltas J., Araus J.L. (2003). Use of carbon isotope composition in monitoring environmental changes. Management of Environmental Quality 14, 82-98.Flexas J., Medrano H. (2002). Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C3 plants Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations revisited. Ann. Bot., 89 (2), pp. 183189.Galms j., Medrano H., Flexas J. (2007). Photosynthetic limitations in response to water stress and recovery in Mediterranean plants with different growth forms. New Phytol. 175 (1), pp. 8193Guehl JM, Aussenac G (1987). Photosynthesis decrease and stomatal control of gas exchange in Abies alba Mill. in response to vapour pressure difference. Plant Physiol 83316322Hsiao T.C. (1973). Plant responses to water stress. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol., 24 (1) (1973), pp. 519570J.L. Quero, L. Gmez-Aparicio, R. Zamora, F.T. Maestre (2008). Shifts in the regeneration niche of an endangered tree (Acer opalus ssp. granatense) during emergence using an ecological concept for application. Basic Appl. Ecol., 9, pp. 635644J.M. Garcia-Ruiz, J.I. Lopez-Moreno, S.M. Vicente Serrano, T. Lasanta-Martinez, S. Begueria (2011). Mediterranean water resources in a global change scenario. Earth-Science Reviews, 105, pp. 121139Kohn MJ. 2010. Carbon isotope compositions of terrestrial C3 plants as indicators of (paleo) ecology and (paleo) climate. legal proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 107 1969119695Matas L., Quero J.L., Zamora R., Castro J., (2012). Evidence for plant traits driving specific drought resistance. A community field experiment. Environ. Exp. Bot., 81, pp. 5561Lo Gullo MA, Salleo S (1988). Different strategies of drought resistance in three Mediterranean sclerophyllous trees growing in the same environmental conditions. New Phytologist 108267276M. Milano, D. Ruelland, S. Fernandez, A. Dezetter, J. Fabre, E. Servat (2012). Facing climatic and anthropogenic changes in the Mediterranean basin What will be the medium- term impact on water stress? Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 344(9), pp. 432-440P.J. Rey, J.M. Alcntara (2000). Recruitment dynamics of a fleshy-fruited plant (Olea europaea) connecting patterns of sow dispersal to seedling establishment. J.Ecol., 88, pp. 622633Quinta Comunicacin Nacional de Espaa (2009). Convencin Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climtico Diciembre, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino.V. Gonzlez-Rodrguez, R. Villar, R. Casado, E. Surez-Bonnet, J.L. Quero, R. Navarro Cerrillo (2011) Spatio-temporal heterogeneity effects on seedling growth and establishment in foursome Quercus species. Ann. For. Sci., 68, pp. 12171232Baquedano F. J., Castillo F.J. (2006).Comparative ecophysiological effects of drought on seedlings of the Mediterranean water-saver Pinus halepensis and water-spenders Quercus coccifera and Quercus ilex. Trees. 20689700.

The Globalization And Localization Factors That Affect Next Marketing Essay

The orbiculateisation And Localization Factors That Affect bordering Marketing EssayIn toold age military personnel supranational profession ease up plump easier be showcase of the globalization. International business now has grown over the years because of the benefits it has offered to the world. In this report I will be management on the International strategies of the strike out adjoining which has business. side by side(p) is one of the briny fashion labels s and it is certainly one of the biggest Multi-national these days. This report will also sharpen on micro and macro factors that affect the alliance. Then I will be considering the globalization and localization factors that affect future(a). Key purlieual varicapables and core competency with relation to its international strategy. In the end recommendations would be made for the development of the companys international operations.Next was established in 1864 in Leeds as J Hepworth Son, Gentlemans Tailors . The company started with women wear store in 1982 and then gradually upgraded to men, children and interiors. The company was named NEXT in 1986. Now NEXT is a retail merchant based in UK. It offers its clients chic and near(a) note products in different sectors like clothes, footwear and also home products. NEXT distributes its products to the clients by three main(prenominal) channels. These channels are the NEXT Retail, a chain of 500stores in the UK and the Next Directory, which is a direct mail catalogue and transactional website with more than 2million customers and Next International, with more than 170 stores overseas. (www.nextplc.co.uk, 2009).According to Rugman Hod educatets (2002) International production line is outlined as different forms of business transaction taking place across national borders for the purpose of satisfying the films of individuals and organisations. International business has contract under ones skin more common in past few decades an d it has wait oned many poor countries to grow and has allowed some developing countries to grow more. Across the border transactions pretend allowed the multi-national companies to reduce their production cost by going to the less(prenominal) developed countries where wage rate is lesser than their own countries. According to Griffin and Pustay (2006), International business consists of the business transactions which are made between two or more countries. For example NEXT buy material from a country and displace it to Srilanka or Bangladesh for stitching and then it goes to different countries to the retail stores of NEXT.Nexts mission is to be the first choice of its customers in the UK and overseas for people who want quality, style and low-priced prices. In todays world fashion is changing real(prenominal) frequently so the retailers like Next commit to offer its customers with the new products. They just want their customer satisfaction by providing them with the bette r quality and design with equalityd to their competitors. Next strategy is to target different group of customers who not only visualise for good quality but also the better prices. It offers its customers of different classes with affordable prices.According to Gerald Tellis (1989), price is a very important variable in forming a strategy for a business. The public policy makers main taper is to check if they customers are get reasonable prices for the products they are buying or if they are getting value for money. another(prenominal) point that he mentions about what the economists look at, if the higher-price products are of good quality or the retailers are charging their customers more than the product worth. Nexts strategy is, they always look for their customer satisfaction by providing them with the affordable prices and the modern style, so that they dont get disappointed.According to Antony Dnes (1995), franchising is a better way to expand your business. Better unders tanding of franchising could result in successful revival of a business. Franchising authority awards different franchises to the producers by offering them the lowest prices for specific quantity and quality. Next have 170 franchise stores in different countries and have different price ranges for different countries.Nexts StrategyAccording to Nexts Annual report of 2009 (ir3.quartalflife.com), their main strategy is to achieve their financial objective which is the pitching of sustainable long term growth in their careholders value. In 2009 their EPS have bypast down, so it is very hard for them to cover up quickly so it is a bit challenging for Next. But they are confident that their long term objectives can be achieved by the strategies they have made after 2009. The lineup needs to manage its strategic risks to deliver the long term benefits to its stake holders. This strategy has just been think on normal basis to know how to achieve their goals, but Next is facing chal lenges from its competitors for example Marks Spencer have opened a eco- factory in Srilanka which would help them reducing their cost, as the plant in that factory is solar so it would use less electricity. So Next has to come up with something special to cut down its cost of production and be able to achieve its financial objectives. Their main focus is to improve and develop their range of products in different parts of the world and keep its customers with in the fashion world. They have given their stores a demanding financial criteria and those stores must meet those figures before other pullments are made. They are also trying to increase their customers who are shopping by using their Next Directory. They have also considered increasing their gross and plunder margins by better sourcing and controlling the cost of their products.Macro-environmentAccording to contact D, (2007) macro environment consists of environmental issues that may affect business performances. This analysis takes into account those factors such as political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental changes. For successful marketing strategy the company has to focus on these changes, bearing in mind that all these factors are interlinked with each other.Political/LegalThe real economic condition faced by the world economy has forced the UK governing body to take serious notes on their legislations. For instance the recent decrease in VAT was a strategy to increase consumer spending, which was a positive implementation for the current economic condition, however, it did not affected a lot as the government failed to raise consumer lending by financial institutions. This loser of government approach affected NEXT as the peak season (Christmas Sale) went without high sales. Mr Wolfson (CEO) of Next plc has also mentioned the same situation in one of his interviews regarding government policy to tackle the economic conditions. (www.ft.com, 2009).The government la test intervention to kick start the economy was to cut down its interest rate to its all succession low last month. The company can benefit from it as it has the opportunity to borrow the money at a very less interest rate. Moreover, NEXT has also got opportunity to attract more investment through share in the stock exchange, as savers will be more willing to invest their money instead of saving it on such a low rate.EconomicSince the end of the year 2007 and early start 2008 the world economy was taken with(p) by reverse economic condition since 1990. With less consumer spending and global financial institutions collapsing it has resulted in Next share prices plunging. Current affairs show that Next need to survive the economic turbulence instead of its growth. However, companys branding and sanitary established customer loyalty will help the company to survive in this downturn.Socio-cultureSpeaking of the socio-cultural future it should be mentioned that people retire earlier t hese days, as well as working shorter hours. Average working hours per week have decreased over the last 20 years. As a result many people have more spare time. This means they have time to compare prices in the High Street and the quality of goods and services from retailers. But as a result, they spend more time in the shops.Another issue these days is the Child Labour. Due to efficient media consumer are well informed and therefore this awareness challenges them to care. They dont want to buy just a product but they look beyond into the production process, labour used, etc. That leads to the issue of child labour in the clothing retail sector. There are companies who rely on it in order to be competitive in the domestic market. For example Marks Spencer had been accused of using child labour in Indonesia in 1999. Once the customers become aware of such practices, companies get into real trouble if they do not respond immediately. Consumers do look for best price but not at the cost of their ethics. NEXT has taken a good care of this and is never found involved in this. (www.hausarbeiten.com, 2009).EnvironmentAfter looking at the current position and the threats from the different green organizations regarding global warming NEXT has taken many environmental friendly steps. Firstly its 98 stores recycle cardboard and plastic. yearly 11,935 tonnes of cardboard and polythene is recycled that is reused in making 12 million hangers. It has also decreased 7.1% carbon dioxide emission per 1000 parcel delivered/collected. (www.nextplc.co.uk, 2009)TechnologyNext is furnished with the latest technology in order to compete with their competitors. They have a team of 100 technologists to ensure that they sell safe products. Their technologists have developed specific manuals for the suppliers to ensure they comply with the law and safety and performance standards. (www.nextplc.co.uk, 2009)Micro-environmentAccording to Jobber (2007), micro-environment consists of th e actors in the firms immediate environment that affects its capabilities to operate effectively in the chosen market. The main factors are customers, suppliers and competitors.CustomersAccording to Jobber (2007), customers are at the centre of the marketing philosophy and effort. So it is very important to satisfy your customers and understand their actual needs. In 2003, the main customer for NEXT were aged 25-44, but in 2008 that has changed to 20-34-years-old (www.nextplc.co.uk). Therefore, it seems to be that the NEXT is now attracting more young customers. The next always had good quality, good reputation and excellent customer service. The other is that they have also varied their product and introduced more style into it. Its online service is also becoming popular.Suppliers and DistributorsAccording to Jobber (2007), business is really influenced by the suppliers of a company. Next wants its suppliers to work with them closely, and they are committed to provide their custom ers with the products which are made in tidy and safe environment. Their main aims are to communicate their moral standards to the suppliers, and to promote good work places in the countries where their suppliers are, and to build capacity with the international chain of suppliers. Next by itself is a retailer so it reaches its customers by franchises and online web orders. It has also the Online Web directory, from where its customers can buy the products they want and also they have broachers and catalogues to sell their products to the end customers.CompetitorsNext has two main competitors Debenhams and Marks and Spencer Group. Due to the recession many multi-nationals sales and their profit has gone down, and now they are making strategies to achieve their objectives. Because of the recession companys were unable to achieve their planned growth and targets. Because of economic downturn many companies have fallen to make cuts in their aspects of business. This could be a good sho rt-term solution but it could cause problems for providing the customers with the quality and efficiency they want in the products.MSs net profit has gone down in 2009 if compared to 2008s figures. In 2008, its Net profit was 821m which was recorded as 506m and their earning per share has also dropped by 35.7p per share, as it was 43.6p in 2008 where as in 2009 it was recorded as 28.0p. But they are now trying to cover up their net profit of last year by eco-factory in Srilanka which would help them save their costs of production as it uses the solar power so it would use less electricity. They have planned,(Plan A) to response to the challenges and has set sustainability targets for 2012, and the commitments to achieve their goals. They have now started online international delivery to 80 countries, which could help them gain more customers all over the world as people would not have to visit the store or if they do not have any store nearby they can cool it get the MS products on line (corporate.marksandspencer.com).Debenhams Annual report for 2009 shows that its net profit and EPS have grown as compared to 2008. Net profit was recorded as 95.1m in 2009, whereas in 2008 it was 77.1m and their EPS was noted as 10.0p in 2009 and in 2008 it was 9.0p per share. Their main strategy to boost up their business in the future is to have more space for their stores, have multi-channel expansion and balance sheet optimisation, which would help them. In this era of recession Debenhams have managed to make more profit then the previous year by their strategies. According to their report of 2009, market shares gains have been achieved on a regular basis for some two years. This shows that they have been planning for their business very well so that they can overcome any hurdle. (www.investis.com)If we see the financial report of Next for 2009, it is a bit disappointing for them as its Net Profit has gone down from 353.9m to 302.3 in 2008 to 2009 respectively. And the EPS has dropped by 12.7p per share as it was 168.7p in 2008 and in 2009 it decreased to 156.0p per share. (ir3.quartalflife.com)Globalization Localisation driversAccording to Ricky and Putsay (2006), international business has grown very quickly in the past ten years that many experts believe this era to be the era of globalization. According to him Globalization can be defined as the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies. Globalization has now enabled the people to reach around the world more quickly and cheaply than ever before. The world is getting closer day-by-day in terms of business, now it is normal that a company would do business with companies in other countries. It has now led to the escalation of international profession in the economies of the world. Next has been very benefited by the globalization as it has been able to get the products stitched at very cheap price from the Asian countries. Globalization drivers Next understands the needs o f its customers from different areas of the world and offer them with affordable prices. Next have very effective marketing channels like accessing the customers via internet, fashion magazines, TV etc. According to Simpson and Thorpe (1999), understanding differences between customers and difference in terms of product and service expectation is very important for international expansion. Next understands the need of its customers and provides its customers with the up-to-date fashion and it keeps them with the rapidly changing style with affordable prices.According to Ricky and Putsay (2006), importance of the foreign direct investment is also increasing because of globalization. It was just 2.4% in 1980 but by 2004 FDI equalled almost 22% of years GDP. It can help the business to grow internationally and earn more profit for the company. FDI can help the business in different ways. For example if Next goes to do business in Pakistan, the currency fluctuation would help Next, as i n when it invest in Pakistan it would invest in Pakistani rupees and after getting the product and selling here in UK in pounds would definitely help to boost their sales profits. They would get cheap labour in Pakistan so they would save their production cost. As Pakistan is still a developing country so it would want multi-nationals to invest there, and they may provide Next with Tax Subsidiary for some time.Core CompetenceAccording to Ricky and Putsay (2006), a core competence is a distinctive strength or advantage that is central to a firms operation. The companys main strength would be its core competence over its competitors. The company needs to identify the things they do well. Nexts core competence over its customers is it targets a wide range of people from different classes by offering the products and style they want with affordable prices. They also have been focussing on expanding their business in different parts of the world through franchising. It has also created its brand ascertain overseas, which is very important for a company. According to Keller (1993), brand image is perception about a brand as reflected by the brand associations held in customer memory. Nexts brand image helps the business to grow much accelerated for example if a person has a good perception of Next in his mind, he would tell his friends and the people he knows to buy its products, which is a very efficient way of marketing.Next has an edge over its competitors that it is targeting the market which comprises of mainly the youngsters. As youngsters are more into fashion then anyone so it helps Next to get more customers then its competitors. As mentioned earlier, Next strategy is to provide its customers with the quality and style they want with affordable prices whereas if we look at the prices of its competitors, they target higher class.RecommendationsNext should try to bring more innovation in cloth manufacturing because by doing this they could attract more and more young customers to buy their products and also concentrate on the changing trends in the fashion world. Because of the economic crisis all over the world people do not want to spend more, so Next should do price cutting in their products and have promotional offers in the store to attract more people. Next needs to follow its competitors, as it is the era of global warming, so they should work on making the world eco-friendly by building plants like MS did, it would also reduce the production cost for them. To promote its brand Next could also target the markets where they have suppliers and the neighbouring countries for example if they are manufacturing there products in Bangladesh, they could target the neighbouring countries as there are a lot of appear economies so it would help them grow their business in those economies. And if they promote their business in countries like Pakistan where they would not have a lot of competition as Next has a well-known brand name and t he competitors would not be able to compete with their strategies and they could make much profit from these types of markets.

Pros and Cons of Organisational Mergers

Pros and Cons of Organisational MergersAbstractThe purpose of this paper was to take a look at a topic of our choosing and determine how it carry ons to a gentlemans gentleman choice focus issue. The topic that was decided to discuss was what the pros and find outs ar of administrational conjugations. We likewise planned on expression at how organizational jointures affect both the conquest of the organization and the employees in spite of appearance the organization involved in the organizational nuclear fusion. Lastly, we went on to look at whether this issue has an HR relationship of if it more of a management issue.OverviewSo for my topic project I came up with a proposal to investigate what the pros and cons are of organizational mergers. I also planned on looking at how organizational mergers affect both the success of the organization and the employees deep down the organization involved in the organizational merger. Therefore, we go away start by creating a n dodge of what we will be looking for followed by the research needed to answer the questions asked by the outline. Once we have comp permited this we will look at a Q A from a human imagery superiors point of view. Lastly, we will conclude by determining whether the pros of organizational mergers outweigh the cons of organizational mergers and if at that place is any kind of success that comes from organizational mergers for the organization and the employees.Outline flat to embark on the following is the outline we will use to start our topic project.WHAT ar THE PROS AND CONS OF ORGANIZATION MERGERS (Moadhadi, 2015)?What are the pros of organizational mergers (Moadhadi, 2015)?The first pro of an organizational merger is a larger network of economies (Moadhadi, 2015).The second pro of an organizational merger is an step-up in research and development (Moadhadi, 2015).The trey pro of an organizational merger is all the other economies of scale (Moadhadi, 2015).The fourth pro of an organizational merger is that it allows for the dodging of duplication (Moadhadi, 2015).The polish pro of an organizational merger is that it helps with the regulation of monopoly for the industry (Moadhadi, 2015).What are the cons of organizational mergers (Moadhadi, 2015)?The first con of an organizational merger is that there tramp be higher prices (Moadhadi, 2015).The second con of an organizational merger is that consumers at once have less choice (Moadhadi, 2015).The third con of an organizational merger is that there brush off be job losses (Moadhadi, 2015).The last con of an organizational merger is that the larger organization rat suffer diseconomies of scale (Moadhadi, 2015).WHAT ARE THE devil TYPES OF MERGERS THAT ORGANIZATIONS CAN GO THROUGH (Moadhadi, 2015)?The first flake of organizational merger is a level merger (Moadhadi, 2015).The second type of organizational merger is a good merger (Moadhadi, 2015).WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF MERGERS ON THE ORGANI ZATIONS (Moadhadi, 2015)?A merger john creator employees to display a advanced attitude (Moadhadi, 2015).Mergers may cause employees to disapprove of the refreshing regulations (Moadhadi, 2015).Mergers may cause concerns with whether the current benefits and compensations for each of the employees will stay the same (Moadhadi, 2015).There may be employee resistance to the new integrations (Moadhadi, 2015).WHAT mannequin OF RESISTANCE TO ORGANIZATIONAL MERGERS CAN EMPLOYEES HAVE (Moadhadi, 2015)?The first reaction is because they have a fear of control loss (Moadhadi, 2015).The second reaction is because there can be excess uncertainty (Moadhadi, 2015).The third reaction is because it may have been a surprise for them (Moadhadi, 2015).The fourth reaction is because the work environment is becoming unlike (Moadhadi, 2015).The fifth reaction is because there are changes in the way the work is completed (Moadhadi, 2015).The sixth reaction is because they may have competency conce rns (Moadhadi, 2015).The seventh reaction is because there may be added responsibilities (Moadhadi, 2015).The eighth reaction is because the employee may have new risks on their company investments (Moadhadi, 2015).The ninth reaction is because the current work may be affect by unsettled matters prior to the merger (Moadhadi, 2015).The tenth reaction is because there may be a risk of the company lay off due to economic losses (Moadhadi, 2015).ResearchBefore we discuss what the pros and cons are of organizational merger we have to k without delay what a merger is first. So what is a merger? A merger is a chosen fusion of two or more organizations with approximately equivalent stipulations into a single organization (Merger. 2015). Now that we k instantaneously what a merger is so we can now begin to look at what are the pros and cons of organization mergers.We can begin by looking at what the pros of organizational mergers. There are five major pros to an organizational merger. The first pro to an organizational merger is a larger network of economies (Pettinger, 2012). Basically, this agency that by merging the new company now has a much broader network to cater to. The second pro to an organizational merger is there is an increment in research and development (Pettinger, 2012). This basically means that the new company is able to come up with bankrupt top of the line inventions or designs. The third pro to an organizational merger is all the other economies of scale (Pettinger, 2012). This is basically dependent on what type of merger has taken place. If it is a horizontal merger it will be much larger than if it was a vertical merger which will still expand, but it will be less than that of a horizontal merger. The fourth pro to an organizational merger is that tit allows for the avoidance of duplication (Pettinger, 2012). This basically means that the merchandise is no longer over populated and that the market is now only influenced by one company inst ead of two. The last pro to an organizational merger is that it helps with the regulation of monopoly for the industry (Pettinger, 2012). This basically means that the establishment limits the new companys pricing so that the consumers do non get hurt.The pros of an organizational merger do so much for the new organization so what do the cons of an organizational merger limit the new organization too? There are four major cons of an organizational merger. The first con to an organizational merger is that there are higher prices (Pettinger, 2012). This basically means that now that there is only one choice in the market that they can make their prices less competitive which will make the new prices of the company become a little bit more expensive. The second con to an organizational merger is that consumers now have less choice (Pettinger, 2012). This is really straightforward in the sense that the consumer can no longer chose between the two rivaling companies now they can only c hose the one company. The third con to an organizational merger is that there can be job losses (Pettinger, 2012). This is also straightforward in the sense that if the new company is considered as an aggressively merged take over than the employees may have to fear the loss of their jobs in under preforming departments. The last con to an organizational merger is that the larger organization can suffer diseconomies of scale (Pettinger, 2012). This basically means that with the merger that the new company may not be able to maintain control and with such problem may lose the ability to motivate their employees.Now these are just a a couple of(prenominal) of the pros and cons of organizational mergers. We will also look into two types of mergers that organizations can go through (Merger. 2015). Earlier I mentioned two types of mergers which we will now explain. The first type of mergers is an organization to organization merger known as a horizontal merger. The second type of merger s is an organization to supplier merger known as vertical merger (Merger. 2015).Now the last things we will look into is how these types of organizational mergers affect the individuals that work within these organizations. With a merger of organizations the employees may begin to show almost new attitudes (Kokemuller, 2015). Another issue that may occur is that the employees may not approve of the new regulations (Kokemuller, 2015). There may be concerns with whether the current benefits and compensations for each of the employees will stay the same (Kokemuller, 2015). Lastly, there may be resistance with the integrations of each of the organizations employees. These are just a few issues that could arise within a newly merged organization (Kokemuller, 2015). With more research we can understand this so much better.Now the last issue is slightly indispensable but there are ways to make the resistance to these changes a little bit more manageable (Bolognese, 2002). By keeping in head these top ten agreements why the organizations employees are repellant the organization can limit the amount and length of their employees resistance to the new merger (Kanter, 2012). The first cogitate an organizations employees expertness be resistant to the merger is because they feel they have loss control (Kanter, 2012). The second reason an organizations employees might be resistant to the merger is because there is a new excess uncertainty (Kanter, 2012). The third reason an organizations employees might be resistant to the merger is because it may have been a surprise for them (Kanter, 2012). The fourth reason an organizations employees might be resistant to the merger is because everything seems to becoming different (Kanter, 2012). The fifth reason an organizations employees might be resistant to the merger is because the way things used to be through with(p) are gone (Kanter, 2012). The sixth reason an organizations employees might be resistant to the merger is because they have concerns about their competence (Kanter, 2012). The seventh reason an organizations employees might be resistant to the merger is because there may be more responsibilities (Kanter, 2012). The eighth reason an organizations employees might be resistant to the merger is because it may affect their organizational investments (Kanter, 2012). The ninth reason an organizations employees might be resistant to the merger is because not everything from before the merger was settle appropriately and may cause issue for everyday work (Kanter, 2012). The final reason an organizations employees might be resistant to the merger is because the new organization might be downsizing due to a loss of funding instead of expanding (Kanter, 2012). With this in mind we can better understand how mergers impact the organization and their employees (Kanter, 2012). Now that we know what the pros and cons are of organizational mergers and how they can affect the newly established organizatio n and their employees let us look at how a human recourse professional is made.Interview of an HR ProfessionalThe follow Q A is of my interview with Judy Whimmer an HR professional of 15 years. With CSL Plasma1) How did you meet the requirements for a human election administrators status?Answer The function of a human resource administrator requires somebody that is able to relate with others on a private level and aids them in meeting their goals, term at the same time obeying the companys guidelines (Whimmer, 2015). With that said, I believe that with my 15 years of skills I am more equipped to interact with both employees and consumers (Whimmer, 2015). Since my previous job allowed me to understand what the guidelines of a human resource administrator are (Whimmer, 2015). I now know that human resource administrators have to remain aware of these guidelines while operating (Whimmer, 2015).2) What are your strong suits and weak points as a human resource professional?Answer A s I deal with an employees dilemmas I have a tendency to get overly involved in their problems (Whimmer, 2015). Yet, I believe that this aspect has allowed me to understand their dilemmas better (Whimmer, 2015). After understanding their problems I am able to suggest to them possible solutions while remaining within the companys limits (Whimmer, 2015). I have come to understand that experiences like this have helped shaped my attitude towards problems that my staff has had in the past and has allowed me to help them while remaining loyal to this company (Whimmer, 2015).3) According to you, what are the qualities that a human resource administrator must have?Answer I feel that an administrator has to have understanding, instinct, adaptability, elasticity, concentration, and above all an employee needs to be in touch with what has to be done on a daily bases (Whimmer, 2015).4) Why did you choose a human resource career?Answer It was because I enjoyed being involved when new employees are hired (Whimmer, 2015). The reason I enjoy this because human resource administrator are able to help recognize the right people and how they will fit in the company (Whimmer, 2015). It was as a recruitment police officer that I found that I enjoyed the human resources field and adopted a human resource profession (Whimmer, 2015).5) What are the major roles and responsibilities of a human resource administrator?Answer The role of a human resource administrator is to care for the strategic and functional responsibilities of all of the human resource disciplines they work with (Whimmer, 2015).6) What are the responsibilities of a human resource administrator?Answer The responsibilities of a human resource administrator can include, but are not limited to staffing, education, structural progress, interaction, operation progress and administration, income and benefits, crew development, developing staff relationships, forming directions, motivational trainings, evolving company rul es and processes, and handling health care programs for employees (Whimmer, 2015).7) Why did you decide to get into HR by and by you graduated?Answer I was looking for a job when I got my first opportunity as a human resource administrator (Whimmer, 2015). I picked it up and gradually realized that I had a liking for it (Whimmer, 2015). I improved my skills by remaining up to date on any new advances in the field (Whimmer, 2015). I also went and acquired a professional degree in the human resource field. It was one of the best choices in my life (Whimmer, 2015). determinationSo now we have looked at an outline of what we will be researching, we have conducted our research, and we have even chatted with a real life HR professional we will now take the time to determine whether the pros of organizational mergers outweigh the cons of organizational mergers and if there is any kind of success that comes from organizational mergers for the organization and the employees. To begin the am ount of pros to an organizational merger are much more significant than the amount of cons an organization merger has. I also feel that what an organization gains from a merger is much more rational than what may potentially occur to both the consumers and the employees. I also feel that the pros to an organizational merger are better than the minimal issues that may come from the cons of an organizational merger. Now with this said we also have to look at if there is any kind of success that comes from organizational mergers for the organization and the employees. To answer this it solely depends on a few things. The first thing is to determine what kind of merger we have on our hands. For example if the merger is horizontal than the success of the merger is dependent on whether the merger takes well by the employees and the consumers. So let us say we have two hospitals that merger this is a great example of a horizontal merger and can have some major recourse in the sense that th e doctors may now fear the loss of their jobs and may even resent the new changes or even management and their decision to merger in the first place. We will now look at the other side. For example if the merger is vertical than the success of the merger is dependent on whether the merger takes well by the consumers. So let us say we have a retailer and a third party soda vendor that decide to merger. The retailer now has to make incontestable that the inventory of their newly merger supplier takes well versus that of the sodas of other non-merged vendors. With all of this said the success of a merger is really dependent on a handful of situations and if they are not the right situations than the successfulness of an organizational merger tanks rapidly. Therefore, I have to conclude that the pros of organizational mergers do outweigh the cons of organizational mergers and the any kind of success that comes from organizational mergers for the organization and the employees is depend ent on situational factors and depend on how well the merger is taken by all the parties involved. I also feel that the effects of organizational merger can be controlled by HR Professionals such as the one we interviewed.ReferencesBolognese, A. (2002). Employee Resistance to Organizational Change. Retrieved May 26, 2015, from http//www.newfoundations.com/OrgTheory/Bolognese721.htmlKanter, R. (2012, kinfolk 25). Ten Reasons People Resist Change. Retrieved May 26, 2015, from https//hbr.org/2012/09/ten-reasons-people-resist-chang.htmlKokemuller, N. (2015). Post-Merger HR and Cultural Issues. Retrieved May 26, 2015, from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/postmerger-hr-cultural-issues-14400.htmlMerger. (2015). Retrieved May 26, 2015, from http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/merger.htmlMoadhadi, S. (2015). Merger Proposal. Retrieved June 6, 2015, from https//api.turnitin.com/dv?o=545723293u=1007168898s=3student_user=1lang=en_ussession-id=e954f4cc236d3d4b1434f6533eb8d641Pettinger, T. (2012, February 22). Pros and Cons of Mergers. Retrieved May 26, 2015, from http//www.economicshelp.org/blog/5009/economics/pros-and-cons-of-mergers/Whimmer, J. (2015, June 5). human being Resource Professional Analysis E-mail interview.

St. Gregory Of Tours :: essays research papers

Saint Gregory of Tours was born around the year 538 at Arverni, which is now Clermont-Ferrand. He belonged to the Gallo-Roman family, which was a very prestigious family. He was also related to the houses of Gaul. Gregorys original name was Georgius Florentius. He took the name Gregory to honor his late grandfather who was named Gregory. His Grandfather was the Bishop of Langres. When Gregory was young, his father died and he went to live with his Uncle. His uncle, Gallus, was the Bishop of Clermont. Gallus educated him until his death in 554. Gregorys mother left to live with friends in Burgandy and left her son to Avitus who became Bishop of Clermont after Gallus. Avitus taught Gregory all about the Scriptures. Gregory was not too impressed with the scriptures. Gregory got seriously mishap and wasnt supposed to recover. He did recover though and this made him more mindful of God and the scriptures. Gregory then became a friend with the Bishop of Tours whose name was Euphronius. E uphronius died in 573 and Gregory succeeded him as Bishop of Tours.During this time in Tours, there was great political and social chaos. The relationships with the Bishops and the Kings and Masters was not good. The Kings abused their powers and this caused civil wars. Gregory wrote that these conflicts were more hurtful to the church than the persecution from Diocletian. Eventually the turmoil and Tours stopped and peace was at hand. The Masters of Tours were constantly changing until Guntram who was the King of Burgandy took over the rule of Tours. Guntram and Gregory were friends and the role of bishop was given more authority and respect. Guntram signed the agreement of Andelot in the year 587. This treaty gave the rule of Tours to Childebert II. Childebert honored Gregory and let him go on many missions. During this time, Gregory played an important role in the building of invigorated churches and restoring the cathedral in Tours.Gregory was also known for being a great his torian. He wrote about the miracles of St. Martin (St. Martins tomb is in Tours) and the recital of the Frankish Empire. The history of the Frank was entitled Historia Francorum, It had ten books and started with creation and ended in the year 591.

The House Of The Seven Gables- Hawthornes Personal Reflections :: essays research papers

Nathanial Hawthorne. Considered to be one of the greatest American writers of the 19thcentury. But did you know that he hated portraits, and it is now thought that he was amild manic-depressive? Born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804. A decendant of along puritan line of Hathornes. His ancestry included his great-great grandfather, JohnHathorne who was a judge at the Salem witch trials 112 years before Nathanial was born.Judge John Hathorne charged many with the crime of witchcraft,and condemned them totheir deaths. Nathanial was embaressed by this and changed the spelling of his last drawfrom Hathorne to Hawthorne. Alot of his family history, life experiences and where helived influenced his writing greatly.     Hawthorne had a cousin, Susannah Ingersoll. When he was young, in Salem, hewould frequently visit her in her mansion, she lived there alone. The house had a secret staircase and once had seven gables. This house, Nathanial visited in his youth, wa s hisinspiration for the house in his book " The House Of The Seven Gables". The story of TheHouse Of The Seven Gables streches over two centuries. Its the unadulterated scenario of tworival families, in this case the Pyncheons ( weathly aristocratic puritans) and the Maules ( humbler paupers). The story of these two families begins with Matthew Maule, whoowned a certain amount of land and built himself a shanty to live in, in this new puritansettlement. Maule was a hard working but obscure man, who was stubborn and protectedwhat was his. His rival arrived at the settlement around 30 to 40 years after Maule hadbeen there. Colonel Pyncheon, an ambicious and determined man, had a high position inthe town. It was said that Colonel Pyncheon was very much for the execution of thosewho practiced witchcraft, and it was excessively said that he very strongly sought thecondemnation of Matthew Maule for being a wizard. Pyncheon did manage to haveMaule executed but not before Maule place a curse on Pyncheon and his decendants.These were Maules exact words      " God, God will give him blood to drink "     Many of the characters in the book were influenced by authentic people in andduring Nathanials life. For example Colonel Pyncheon was based on The ReverendWentworth Upham, a Minister and mayor of Salem. He wrote the books Lectures onWithcraft and History of Witchcraft and Salem Village. The Maule key was derivedfrom Thomas Maule, a Quaker merchant living in Salem at the time of the trials.